1.5.4 Gandhi and the mass movements 1917–1922 notes

1. 1.5.4.1Gandhi in South Africa and the early satyagrahas: Champaran, Kheda and Ahmedabad

   Gandhi shaped satyagraha in South Africa (1893-1914), returned to India in 1915, and tested it in three local struggles in 1917-18: Champaran, the Ahmedabad mill strike and Kheda.

   Advanced · 6 min · Full course
2. 1.5.4.2Rowlatt satyagraha and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre

   The Rowlatt Act of March 1919 allowed detention without trial, Gandhi answered with an all-India satyagraha, and the shooting at Jallianwala Bagh on 13 April 1919 turned Indian opinion decisively against the Raj.

   Advanced · 6 min · Full course
3. 1.5.4.3Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement

   Gandhi joined the Khilafat grievance of Indian Muslims to Congress's demand for swaraj and launched the first nationwide mass movement of non-violent non-cooperation on 1 August 1920.

   Advanced · 7 min · Full course
4. 1.5.4.4Chauri Chaura, the withdrawal and the Swarajist–No-changer debate

   After a mob burnt a police station at Chauri Chaura in February 1922, Gandhi suspended the Non-Cooperation Movement, and the Congress then divided between Swarajists, who wanted to enter the councils, and No-changers, who stayed with the constructive programme.

   Advanced · 7 min · Full course
5. 1.5.4.5Gandhian ideas: satyagraha, ahimsa and the constructive programme

   Gandhi's politics rested on truth and non-violence: satyagraha as a method of resistance, and a constructive programme to build a self-reliant, morally ordered society.

   Advanced · 6 min · Full course

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