Mains Paper II · 1 Indian Economy · APPSC Group 2

1.15 Poverty and inequality notes

6 notes, in reading order.

  1. 1.15.1Poverty: concepts, types and the poverty line

    Poverty means not having enough income or consumption to meet basic needs; economists measure it with a poverty line, count how many fall below it, and also ask how far below and for how long.

    Advanced · 6 min · Full course
  2. 1.15.2Poverty estimation: Alagh to Rangarajan, consumption surveys and the World Bank line

    India's official poverty line has been redrawn by successive expert groups; the last official estimates are for 2011-12, while new consumption surveys (2022-24) and the World Bank's 2025 line feed current debates.

    Advanced · 6 min · Full course
  3. 1.15.3Multidimensional poverty: global MPI and NITI Aayog's National MPI

    The MPI counts deprivations in health, education and living standards at the household level; India's national MPI uses 12 indicators from the National Family Health Survey and shows a steep fall in multidimensional poverty.

    Advanced · 6 min · Full course
  4. 1.15.4Inequality: Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient and poverty gap measures

    The Lorenz curve draws the inequality, the Gini coefficient turns it into one number between 0 and 1, and India's inequality is measured in consumption because income data are poor.

    Advanced · 5 min · Full course
  5. 1.15.5Anti-poverty programmes: IRDP to DAY-NRLM and SECC-based targeting

    India's anti-poverty programmes moved from asset and training schemes (IRDP, TRYSEM) to wage employment, then to rights-based and group-based livelihood models (MGNREGA, DAY-NRLM), with targeting based on BPL lists and later SECC 2011.

    Advanced · 6 min · Full course
  6. 1.15.6Rural employment guarantee: MGNREGA design, working and reform

    MGNREGA made 100 days of unskilled wage work a legal right for every rural household that asks for it; in 2025 Parliament replaced it with a new guarantee law offering 125 days.

    Advanced · 6 min · Full course

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