Executive Officer Paper II · 8 Philosophies, Cults and Gurus · APPSC Paper I
8.1 Philosophies and Gurus notes
3 notes, in reading order.
- 8.1.1Six darshanas and the Vedanta schools compared
The six orthodox darshanas (Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Sankhya, Yoga, Mimamsa, Vedanta) accept the Veda's authority; Vedanta then split into schools, chiefly Shankara's Advaita, Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita, Madhva's Dvaita and Nimbarka's Dvaitadvaita, which differ on how the soul, the world and Brahman are related.
Standard · 19 min · Read here - 8.1.2Sankara, Ramanuja and Madhva: lives, works and mathas
Three acharyas read the same Vedanta texts in three ways: Sankara taught Advaita (the self is Brahman), Ramanuja Vishishtadvaita (souls and matter are the real body of Brahman) and Madhva Dvaita (God, souls and matter are forever distinct); each founded mathas that still run temples and teaching today.
Standard · 20 min · Read here - 8.1.3Alwars, Nayanars and Basava
The 12 Alwars sang of Vishnu and the 63 Nayanars of Shiva in Tamil between about the 6th and 9th centuries; their hymns became the Divya Prabandham and the Tirumurai, and in 12th-century Karnataka Basava turned Shiva bhakti into the Veerashaiva (Lingayat) movement.
Standard · 20 min · Read here
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