3.2.9 Mughal empire: rulers notes

1. 3.2.9.1Babur: Panipat 1526, Khanwa and Ghaghra

   Babur, a Timurid prince from Central Asia, won three decisive battles (Panipat 1526, Khanwa 1527, Ghaghra 1529) and founded the Mughal empire in North India.

   Standard · 6 min · Full course
2. 3.2.9.2Humayun: struggles, exile and return

   Humayun lost his empire to Sher Shah at Chausa and Kanauj, spent fifteen years in exile, and regained Delhi in 1555 with Persian help, only to die a few months later.

   Standard · 5 min · Full course
3. 3.2.9.3Sher Shah Suri and the Sur administration

   Sher Shah Suri (1540-1545) beat Humayun, built a strong administration of sarkars and parganas, standardised the rupee and the dam, and laid the foundations Akbar later used.

   Standard · 5 min · Full course
4. 3.2.9.4Akbar: conquests and Rajput policy

   Akbar (1556-1605) expanded the Mughal empire across North India and into the Deccan, and made the Rajputs partners in the empire through marriage, service and tolerance.

   Standard · 5 min · Full course
5. 3.2.9.5Akbar's religious policy: Ibadat Khana, Mahzar and Din-i-Ilahi

   Akbar moved from orthodox Sunni practice to a policy of universal peace (sulh-i-kul), tested through open religious debates, the Mahzar of 1579 and a small court fellowship called Din-i-Ilahi.

   Standard · 5 min · Full course
6. 3.2.9.6Jahangir and Shah Jahan: Nur Jahan to the war of succession

   Jahangir (1605-27) ruled under the strong influence of Nur Jahan, and Shah Jahan (1628-58) built the empire's greatest monuments before losing the throne to Aurangzeb in a war of succession.

   Standard · 5 min · Full course
7. 3.2.9.7Aurangzeb: Deccan policy and religious policy

   Aurangzeb (1658-1707) took the Mughal empire to its widest extent through Deccan conquests, but a 26-year war in the south and a stricter religious policy strained the state.

   Standard · 5 min · Full course
8. 3.2.9.8Revolts under Aurangzeb: Jats, Satnamis, Sikhs and Rajputs

   Aurangzeb's reign saw repeated revolts by Jats, Satnamis, Sikhs, Rajputs and Bundelas, driven by a mix of agrarian distress, local ambition and religious feeling.

   Standard · 5 min · Full course

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