11.1 Motivation and emotion notes

1. 11.1.1Motivation: instincts, needs, drives, motives and theories

   Motivation (Latin movere, "to move") is the inner process that starts, directs and keeps up behaviour towards a goal: a need creates a drive, the drive pushes goal-directed behaviour, and reaching the incentive reduces the need. Motives are biological (hunger, thirst, sex) or psychosocial (achievement, affiliation, power, curiosity), and they are explained by instinct, drive-reduction, arousal, incentive and humanistic (Maslow) theories. Maslow's five levels, intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation, McClelland's training work and level of aspiration are set out for teachers in EDU-LR-05; this note adds the psychology-paper detail.

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2. 11.1.2Emotion: physiology and theories

   An emotion is a complex state with three parts, bodily arousal, conscious experience (appraisal) and outward expression; strong emotions switch on the sympathetic nervous system (faster heart, more sweating, adrenaline) under the control of the hypothalamus, limbic system (amygdala) and cortex, and the main theories differ on the order of events: James–Lange (body first), Cannon–Bard (body and feeling together), Schachter–Singer (arousal plus a cognitive label) and Lazarus (appraisal first). The brain structures themselves are in PSY-BB-02; emotional intelligence and coping are in MAB-EI-01 and MAB-EI-02; the link between motive and arousal (Yerkes–Dodson) is in PSY-MO-01.

   Standard · 16 min · Read here

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