2.2 Tribes of India and AP notes

1. 2.2.1Tribes: definition, features, classification and distribution (Census 2011)

   A tribe is a small, largely self-contained community with its own territory, dialect, customs and identity; in India, "Scheduled Tribe" is a legal status given by Presidential order under Article 342, and STs were 8.6% of the population in Census 2011.

   Standard · 8 min · Full course
2. 2.2.2Tribal policy: isolation, assimilation and integration, Nehru's Panchsheel, Tribal Sub-Plan and committees (Dhebar, Lokur, Bhuria, Xaxa)

   Indian tribal policy moved from colonial isolation, through the debate between Elwin's protection and Ghurye's assimilation, to Nehru's integration through the five principles of "tribal Panchsheel", carried out through the Tribal Sub-Plan and shaped by a line of commissions.

   Standard · 8 min · Full course
3. 2.2.3Constitutional and legal safeguards for STs: Article 342, Fifth and Sixth Schedules and PESA

   STs are protected by reservation and welfare articles, by two special systems of area administration (the Fifth Schedule for most States and the Sixth for four north-eastern States), by PESA's self-rule for Gram Sabhas, and by the Atrocities Act.

   Standard · 9 min · Full course
4. 2.2.4Forest Rights Act 2006: individual and community rights and the role of the Gram Sabha

   The Forest Rights Act, 2006 recognises the land and resource rights of forest-dwelling communities that forest laws had ignored, and makes the Gram Sabha the authority to start the process of recognition.

   Standard · 7 min · Full course
5. 2.2.5Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups: criteria, distribution and PM-JANMAN

   PVTGs are the 75 most vulnerable tribal communities, marked by pre-agricultural technology, low literacy, economic backwardness and a stagnant or declining population, and PM-JANMAN (2023) is the mission to bring basic services to all their habitations.

   Standard · 7 min · Full course
6. 2.2.6Tribes of Andhra Pradesh: PVTGs, ITDAs, podu cultivation and tribal welfare

   Andhra Pradesh's tribes live mainly in the Eastern Ghats "Agency" from Srikakulam to the Godavari and in the Nallamala, practise or once practised podu cultivation, and are served through ITDAs, the Girijan Cooperative Corporation and protective land laws.

   Standard · 8 min · Full course
7. 2.2.7Tribal issues: land alienation, displacement, Samatha, Niyamgiri and identity movements

   Loss of land and forests through debt, fraud and development projects is the core tribal problem; it drove colonial-era revolts, shaped the Samatha and Niyamgiri judgments, and still fuels identity and autonomy movements.

   Standard · 8 min · Full course

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