10.6 Andhra Pradesh and the Telangana statehood movement (1956–2014) notes

1. 10.6.1States Reorganisation Commission, the Gentlemen's Agreement (1956) and the regional safeguards

   The States Reorganisation Commission (1955) advised keeping Telangana as a separate state until at least 1961, but Andhra Pradesh was formed on 1 November 1956 after Telangana and Andhra leaders signed the Gentlemen's Agreement (20 February 1956), which promised Telangana safeguards on jobs, funds, education, land and political power; how those promises were turned into law, and how they were weakened, set the stage for every later Telangana agitation.

   Standard · 16 min · Full course
2. 10.6.2The 1969 agitation, the Mulki rules cases, the Six-Point Formula (1973) and G.O. 610 (1985)

   When the job and fund safeguards promised to Telangana in 1956 were not kept, students and employees rose in 1969 for a separate Telangana; the courts, two agitations and the Centre's formulas ended in the Six-Point Formula (1973), Article 371D, the zonal Presidential Order of 1975 and, when that order was also breached, G.O. 610 of 1985.

   Standard · 18 min · Full course
3. 10.6.3Regional grievances in united Andhra Pradesh: water, funds and jobs, and the committees that studied them

   Between 1956 and 2014 Telangana's case against united Andhra Pradesh rested on three grievances, often summed up as "neellu, nidhulu, niyamakalu" (water, funds, jobs): its share of Krishna and Godavari water, the use of its surplus revenue, and local jobs; each produced committees, tribunals and orders whose reports became the evidence base of the statehood movement.

   Standard · 15 min · Full course
4. 10.6.4The 2001–2009 phase: new parties, the joint action committee and the December 2009 announcement

   After two quiet decades the Telangana demand revived in the late 1990s through students, writers and intellectuals, took party form with the Telangana Rashtra Samithi (27 April 2001), entered national politics through the 2004 alliance and the UPA's promise of consultations, and peaked in late 2009, when K. Chandrashekar Rao's fast led the Union Home Minister to announce on 9 December 2009 that the process of forming Telangana would begin, a statement modified on 23 December after counter-protests; a Telangana Joint Action Committee was formed that month.

   Standard · 15 min · Full course
5. 10.6.5From the Srikrishna Committee to statehood: mass protests, the AP Reorganisation Act 2014 and formation on 2 June 2014

   After the Srikrishna Committee (February–December 2010) set out six options, the Telangana Joint Action Committee led mass protests (Million March, Sakala Janula Samme, Sagara Haram) until the Congress Working Committee (30 July 2013) and the Union Cabinet (3 October 2013) decided on bifurcation; Parliament passed the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Bill on 18 and 20 February 2014, the President assented on 1 March 2014, and Telangana became India's 29th state on 2 June 2014.

   Standard · 16 min · Full course

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