10.5 Revolts, armed struggle and the end of Nizam rule (1940–1956) notes

1. 10.5.1Tribal revolts: Ramji Gond (1857–60) and Kumram Bheem (Jodeghat, 1940)

   Two Gond-led risings in the Adilabad forests framed the tribal side of Telangana's history under the Nizams: Ramji Gond's revolt at Nirmal during the 1857 upheaval, crushed in 1860, and Kumram Bheem's fight at Jodeghat for "Jal, Jangal, Zameen" (water, forest, land), crushed by the Nizam's police in 1940.

   Standard · 12 min · Full course
2. 10.5.2Telangana peasant armed struggle (1946–51): causes, phases, leaders and results

   From 1946 to 1951 peasants of Telangana, organised by the Andhra Mahasabha and the Communist Party, rose first against deshmukhs and vetti, then against the Nizam's government and the Razakars, and after September 1948 against the Indian Army, until the party called the struggle off on 21 October 1951; it is remembered as the Telangana armed struggle (Telangana Rythanga Sayudha Poratam).

   Standard · 14 min · Full course
3. 10.5.3Majlis, Razakars, the Standstill Agreement and Operation Polo (September 1948)

   When British rule ended the Nizam claimed independence; the Majlis and its Razakar militia under Kasim Razvi backed him, a one-year Standstill Agreement (29 November 1947) broke down, and India's "Police Action" (Operation Polo, 13–18 September 1948) ended the Nizam's rule with his surrender on 17–18 September 1948.

   Standard · 14 min · Full course
4. 10.5.4Hyderabad State 1948–56: military and civil administration, the 1952 election and the Mulki agitation

   After Operation Polo, Hyderabad State was run by a military governor (J.N. Chaudhuri, 1948–49), then a civil government under M.K. Vellodi with the Nizam as Rajpramukh (1950), then its first elected ministry under Burgula Ramakrishna Rao (March 1952); the arrival of non-local officials set off the 1952 Mulki agitation, and the state was split up on 1 November 1956.

   Standard · 13 min · Full course

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