10.4 Social, cultural and political awakening (to 1947) notes

1. 10.4.1Social reform movements: Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, Adi-Hindu movement and Bhagya Reddy Varma

   Between 1879 and 1947, reform bodies in the Nizam's Hyderabad State (the Brahmo Samaj, the Arya Samaj, social-service leagues and, above all, the Adi-Hindu movement of Bhagya Reddy Varma, Arige Ramaswamy and B.S. Venkat Rao) attacked untouchability, devadasi and jogini dedication, child marriage and illiteracy, and so prepared the ground for the cultural and political movements that followed (TGH-AW-02, TGH-AW-03).

   Standard · 16 min · Full course
2. 10.4.2Library movement, Andhra Jana Sangham, Andhra Mahasabha conferences and Andhra Mahila Sabha

   Telugu libraries (from 1901) and the Andhra Jana Sangham (1921) built a Telugu cultural awakening in the Nizam's state; at Jogipet in 1930 it became the Andhra Mahasabha, which held thirteen conferences to 1946, moved from social reform to politics, gave a platform to women through the Andhra Mahila Sabha, and split in 1944–45 into nationalist and communist wings.

   Standard · 17 min · Full course
3. 10.4.3Hyderabad State Congress, the Vandemataram movement and Hyderabad in the national movement

   Hyderabad State had no elected government and no freedom of meeting, yet the national movement reached it — through the Chanda Railway agitation (1883), Swadeshi, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation, the Telugu press, the Hyderabad State Congress (1938) and its satyagraha, the students' Vandemataram movement (1938), Quit India (1942) and the Join India movement (1947).

   Standard · 15 min · Full course

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