3.3.3 Industry notes

1. 3.3.3.1Industrial Policy Resolutions 1948 and 1956

   The 1948 Resolution set up a mixed economy with a state role in basic industry; the 1956 Resolution, tied to the Second Plan, listed industries by Schedule A, B and C and made the public sector the "commanding height".

   Advanced · 5 min · Full course
2. 3.3.3.2Licence raj: IDRA 1951, MRTP 1969, small-scale reservation and the 1977 and 1980 policies

   From the 1950s to 1991 licensing under IDRA 1951, curbs on big business under MRTP 1969 and reservations for small industries controlled who could produce what and how much.

   Advanced · 5 min · Full course
3. 3.3.3.3MSMEs and startups: MSMED Act, classification (2020, 2025), Startup India and Stand-Up India

   MSMEs are classified under the MSMED Act 2006 by investment and turnover, with limits raised in 2020 and again from 1 April 2025.

   Advanced · 5 min · Full course
4. 3.3.3.4Make in India, National Manufacturing Policy 2011 and PLI schemes

   Make in India (2014) and the PLI schemes (from 2020) are the Government's push to raise manufacturing's share in output and jobs, a target first set by the National Manufacturing Policy 2011.

   Advanced · 5 min · Full course
5. 3.3.3.5SEZs, NIMZs and industrial corridors

   Export zones began at Kandla in 1965, became SEZs under the 2005 Act, and are now complemented by NIMZs and industrial corridors, including the ADB-supported Visakhapatnam-Chennai corridor in Andhra Pradesh.

   Advanced · 5 min · Full course
6. 3.3.3.6Industrial statistics: IIP, eight core industries and the Annual Survey of Industries

   The IIP (compiled by NSO) tracks monthly industrial output; its base moved from 2011-12 to 2022-23 in June 2026 (manufacturing weight 76.06%, earlier 77.63%), the eight core industries carried 40.27% of the 2011-12 IIP, and the ASI measures registered factories under the Factories Act.

   Advanced · 6 min · Full course
7. 3.3.3.7Steel, coal and minerals: public sector plants, coal reforms, MMDR Act and District Mineral Foundations

   Public sector steel plants and nationalised coal built India's heavy industry; since 2014-15 auctions, commercial coal mining and the amended MMDR Act have opened mining to private firms.

   Advanced · 6 min · Full course
8. 3.3.3.8Labour codes and industrial relations

   Twenty-nine central labour laws were merged into four codes, which came into force on 21 November 2025, with the Industrial Relations Code reshaping hiring, firing, strikes and union recognition.

   Advanced · 5 min · Full course

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