2.5.11 Natural hazards and disaster management notes

1. 2.5.11.1Disaster management in India: DM Act 2005, NDMA, NDRF and the Sendai Framework

   The Disaster Management Act, 2005 set up a three-tier system of authorities (national, state, district) under which India moved from relief after the event to planning, mitigation and preparedness.

   Advanced · 6 min · Full course
2. 2.5.11.2Earthquake and tsunami risk zones of India

   Nearly 60 per cent of India's land is moderately to highly earthquake-prone, with the highest risk in the Himalaya, the North-East, Kachchh and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and tsunamis threaten the coasts from the Andaman-Sumatra and Makran subduction zones.

   Advanced · 6 min · Full course
3. 2.5.11.3Floods, droughts and heatwaves: prone areas and management

   Floods hit the Ganga-Brahmaputra plains and east-coast deltas, droughts hit the rain-shadow interior, and heat waves strike the plains and Deccan in summer, each handled by forecasting, planning and local action.

   Advanced · 6 min · Full course
4. 2.5.11.4Cyclone risk: early warning and mitigation on India's coasts

   India's long coast faces tropical cyclones mainly in October-December and April-May, with the Bay of Bengal far more active than the Arabian Sea, and IMD's warnings, shelters and surge protection have cut death tolls sharply.

   Advanced · 6 min · Full course
5. 2.5.11.5Landslides, avalanches, cloudbursts and urban flooding

   Landslides, avalanches and cloudbursts are mountain hazards driven by steep slopes and intense rain, while urban flooding is a man-made hazard where concrete and blocked drains meet heavy rain.

   Advanced · 6 min · Full course
6. 2.5.11.6Vulnerability profile of India and Andhra Pradesh: multi-hazard exposure, coastline, drought-prone districts

   India is a multi-hazard country where most of the land, most of the coast and most of the farmland face at least one major hazard, and Andhra Pradesh adds a long cyclone-facing coast to a drought-prone interior.

   Advanced · 8 min · Full course
7. 2.5.11.7Man-made disasters: industrial and chemical accidents (Bhopal 1984, Visakhapatnam LG Polymers 2020), fires, stampedes and nuclear/radiological risk

   Man-made disasters come from human systems (factories, buildings, crowds, nuclear plants), so they are largely preventable through safety laws, inspection and planning; Bhopal (1984) and the Visakhapatnam LG Polymers leak (2020) are the two cases every AP aspirant must know.

   Advanced · 9 min · Full course
8. 2.5.11.8Disaster risk reduction: disaster management cycle, NDMP, early warning (IMD, INCOIS), NCRMP, NDRF/SDRF and APSDMA

   Disaster risk reduction treats a disaster as a cycle (prevent, mitigate, prepare, respond, recover) and India runs it through the National Disaster Management Plan, hazard-specific early-warning agencies, mitigation projects such as NCRMP, and trained response forces like NDRF, SDRF and, in Andhra Pradesh, APSDMA.

   Advanced · 8 min · Full course
9. 2.5.11.9Remote sensing and GIS in disaster assessment: NRSC, Bhuvan, NDEM, damage mapping and early warning uses

   Satellites see a disaster area from above before, during and after an event, and GIS combines those images with maps of people, roads and buildings, so planners can map risk, warn early, and measure damage quickly; in India this work is led by ISRO's National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad.

   Advanced · 7 min · Full course

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