APPSC Group 2 · Study notes
Indian geography notes for APPSC Group 2
97 notes in 11 chapters. Open a chapter, or go straight to a note.
4.1 Location, extent and geological structure 3
4.2 Physiography 11
- 4.2.1Physiographic divisions of India: an overview
- 4.2.2Formation of the Himalaya and its significance
- 4.2.3Himalayan ranges: Trans-Himalaya, Greater, Lesser and Shiwalik
- 4.2.4Regional divisions of the Himalaya and the Purvanchal hills
- 4.2.5Himalayan passes: west to east
- 4.2.6Northern plains: Bhabar, Terai, Bhangar and Khadar and regional divisions
- 4.2.7Peninsular plateau: Central Highlands, Deccan Plateau and Chotanagpur
- 4.2.8Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats compared
- 4.2.9The Thar Desert: features and formation
- 4.2.10Coastal plains of India: western and eastern coasts
- 4.2.11Islands of India: Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep
4.3 Drainage systems 12
- 4.3.1Drainage patterns and Himalayan and peninsular rivers compared
- 4.3.2Indus river system: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej
- 4.3.3Ganga main stem and its Himalayan tributaries
- 4.3.4Ganga's peninsular tributaries: Chambal, Betwa, Ken and Son
- 4.3.5Brahmaputra river system
- 4.3.6Mahanadi and other east-flowing rivers of the north peninsula
- 4.3.7Godavari and Krishna river systems
- 4.3.8Kaveri, Pennar and other southern east-flowing rivers
- 4.3.9West-flowing rivers: Narmada, Tapi, Sabarmati, Mahi and Western Ghats rivers
- 4.3.10Lakes and waterfalls of India
- 4.3.11Major dams and multipurpose river valley projects
- 4.3.12River interlinking and interstate water disputes: NPP, Ken–Betwa and tribunals
4.4 Climate and monsoon 10
- 4.4.1Factors controlling India's climate
- 4.4.2Cold weather season and western disturbances
- 4.4.3Hot weather season and pre-monsoon storms: mango showers, kalbaisakhi and loo
- 4.4.4Monsoon mechanism: classical theory, ITCZ, jet streams and the Tibetan Plateau
- 4.4.5Southwest monsoon: onset, advance, breaks and withdrawal
- 4.4.6Retreating monsoon and the northeast monsoon
- 4.4.7Monsoon and ENSO, IOD and MJO: IMD forecasting
- 4.4.8Rainfall distribution and variability in India
- 4.4.9Climatic regions of India: Köppen and Trewartha schemes
- 4.4.10Cyclones of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea
4.5 Soils, natural vegetation and wildlife 10
- 4.5.1Soil classification in India: ICAR classes and soil survey
- 4.5.2Alluvial and black soils
- 4.5.3Red, yellow and laterite soils
- 4.5.4Arid, saline, peaty, forest and mountain soils
- 4.5.5Soil erosion, degradation and conservation methods
- 4.5.6Tropical evergreen and deciduous forests
- 4.5.7Thorn, montane, littoral and swamp forests including mangroves
- 4.5.8Forest cover of India: India State of Forest Report highlights
- 4.5.9National Forest Policy 1988, social forestry and agroforestry
- 4.5.10Protected areas of India: major national parks and sanctuaries by region
4.6 Agriculture 11
- 4.6.1Features of Indian agriculture: land use, land holdings and agro-climatic zones
- 4.6.2Cropping seasons and systems: kharif, rabi and zaid, multiple and mixed cropping
- 4.6.3Rice and wheat: growing conditions and major producing states
- 4.6.4Millets, pulses and oilseeds
- 4.6.5Fibre crops: cotton, jute and others
- 4.6.6Sugarcane and plantation crops: tea, coffee and rubber
- 4.6.7Horticulture and spices
- 4.6.8Irrigation in India: canals, wells, tanks and micro-irrigation
- 4.6.9Green Revolution: components, impacts and the second Green Revolution
- 4.6.10Animal husbandry, fisheries and the White, Blue and other revolutions
- 4.6.11Dryland farming and watershed management
4.7 Minerals and energy resources 9
- 4.7.1Minerals in India: classification and mineral belts
- 4.7.2Ferrous minerals: iron ore, manganese and chromite
- 4.7.3Non-ferrous minerals: bauxite, copper, lead, zinc and gold
- 4.7.4Non-metallic minerals: mica, limestone, gypsum and others
- 4.7.5Atomic minerals: uranium, thorium and monazite sands
- 4.7.6Coal: Gondwana and Tertiary coalfields
- 4.7.7Petroleum and natural gas: onshore and offshore basins
- 4.7.8Power in India: thermal, hydel and nuclear power stations
- 4.7.9Renewable energy in India: solar, wind and other sources by region
4.8 Industries and industrial regions 7
- 4.8.1Industrial location factors and industrial regions of India
- 4.8.2Iron and steel industry: plants and locations
- 4.8.3Textile industry: cotton, jute, silk and woollen
- 4.8.4Agro-based industries: sugar and food processing
- 4.8.5Chemical, fertiliser, cement and petrochemical industries
- 4.8.6Engineering and knowledge industries: automobiles, electronics and IT
- 4.8.7Industrial corridors and special economic zones
4.9 Transport and communication 5
4.10 Population and settlements 10
- 4.10.1Census of India: history and Census 2011 highlights
- 4.10.2Distribution and density of population
- 4.10.3Population growth in India: phases since 1901
- 4.10.4Sex ratio and child sex ratio
- 4.10.5Literacy in India: trends and state-wise pattern
- 4.10.6Population composition: age structure, religion, language and demographic dividend
- 4.10.7Scheduled Tribes: distribution and major tribes of India
- 4.10.8Migration: types, causes and streams
- 4.10.9Urbanisation: trends, million-plus cities and urban problems
- 4.10.10Rural and urban settlements: types and patterns
4.11 Natural hazards and disaster management 9
- 4.11.1Disaster management in India: DM Act 2005, NDMA, NDRF and the Sendai Framework
- 4.11.2Earthquake and tsunami risk zones of India
- 4.11.3Floods, droughts and heatwaves: prone areas and management
- 4.11.4Cyclone risk: early warning and mitigation on India's coasts
- 4.11.5Landslides, avalanches, cloudbursts and urban flooding
- 4.11.6Vulnerability profile of India and Andhra Pradesh: multi-hazard exposure, coastline, drought-prone districts
- 4.11.7Man-made disasters: industrial and chemical accidents (Bhopal 1984, Visakhapatnam LG Polymers 2020), fires, stampedes and nuclear/radiological risk
- 4.11.8Disaster risk reduction: disaster management cycle, NDMP, early warning (IMD, INCOIS), NCRMP, NDRF/SDRF and APSDMA
- 4.11.9Remote sensing and GIS in disaster assessment: NRSC, Bhuvan, NDEM, damage mapping and early warning uses
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