2.14 Freedom and partition 1939–1947 notes

1. 2.14.1Communal politics: Hindu Mahasabha, the two-nation theory and the Lahore Resolution 1940

   Communal organisations grew through the 1930s, and the Muslim League's Lahore Resolution of March 1940 turned a vague demand for safeguards into a demand for separate Muslim-majority states.

   Standard · 5 min · Full course
2. 2.14.2Second World War: the August Offer and individual satyagraha

   The British offer of August 1940 promised a post-war constituent body and no more, so the Congress answered with a symbolic individual satyagraha rather than a mass movement.

   Standard · 5 min · Full course
3. 2.14.3Cripps Mission 1942

   The Cripps Mission of March 1942 offered dominion status and a post-war constituent assembly with a right of provinces to stay out, and failed because it satisfied neither the Congress nor the League.

   Standard · 5 min · Full course
4. 2.14.4Quit India movement 1942

   The Quit India movement of August 1942 was the last great mass movement against British rule, a largely leaderless uprising after the arrest of the whole Congress leadership on 9 August.

   Standard · 5 min · Full course
5. 2.14.5Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army

   Subhas Bose left India in 1941, took over the Indian National Army in Southeast Asia in 1943, and led an armed campaign from outside whose real impact was moral, on the Indian public and the armed forces.

   Standard · 5 min · Full course
6. 2.14.6Post-war upsurge: INA trials and the RIN mutiny

   The INA trials and the Royal Indian Navy mutiny of 1945-46 showed that Indian soldiers and sailors could no longer be relied on to uphold the Raj, which pushed Britain towards a quick transfer of power.

   Standard · 5 min · Full course
7. 2.14.7Wavell Plan and the Simla Conference 1945

   The Wavell Plan proposed a more Indian Executive Council with parity between caste Hindus and Muslims; the Simla Conference broke down over Jinnah's claim that the League alone could name Muslim members.

   Standard · 4 min · Full course
8. 2.14.8Cabinet Mission 1946 and Direct Action Day

   The Cabinet Mission of 1946 proposed a loose three-tier Indian union instead of Pakistan, but disagreement over its grouping clause led the League to Direct Action Day and the collapse of the plan.

   Standard · 6 min · Full course
9. 2.14.9Mountbatten Plan and the partition of India

   The 3 June 1947 plan accepted partition on communal lines and an early transfer of power, and the Indian Independence Act of 1947 created two dominions on 14-15 August.

   Standard · 5 min · Full course
10. 2.14.10States' people's movements and the princely states before 1947

    From the 1920s people in the princely states organised Praja Mandals and state Congresses against autocratic rule, and the Congress moved from non-interference to open support by 1939 and 1946-47.

    Standard · 6 min · Full course

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