2.13 Towards Purna Swaraj 1923–1939 notes

1. 2.13.1Revolutionary nationalism, second phase: HSRA, Bhagat Singh and Chittagong

   After the Non-Cooperation Movement ended in 1922, a new generation of revolutionaries turned to socialist ideas and organised groups, and their actions at Kakori, Lahore, the Assembly and Chittagong kept armed nationalism alive until the early 1930s.

   Standard · 6 min · Full course
2. 2.13.2Simon Commission and the Nehru Report

   The all-white Simon Commission (1927) united Indians in a boycott, and the Nehru Report (1928) was the first Indian attempt at a constitution, but communal differences over its terms weakened the unity it sought.

   Standard · 6 min · Full course
3. 2.13.3Lahore Congress 1929 and Purna Swaraj

   At Lahore in December 1929, under Jawaharlal Nehru, the Congress made complete independence (Purna Swaraj) its goal and authorised civil disobedience, and Karachi in 1931 added a charter of rights and an economic programme.

   Standard · 5 min · Full course
4. 2.13.4Civil Disobedience: the Dandi march and salt satyagraha

   Gandhi's march to Dandi and his breach of the salt law on 6 April 1930 opened the Civil Disobedience Movement, the widest mass struggle since 1920, which spread to tax, forest and cloth boycotts across India.

   Standard · 6 min · Full course
5. 2.13.5Round Table Conferences and the Gandhi–Irwin Pact

   The British held three Round Table Conferences in London on India's constitution; the Congress attended only the second, after the Gandhi-Irwin Pact of March 1931 suspended civil disobedience.

   Standard · 5 min · Full course
6. 2.13.6Communal Award and the Poona Pact 1932

   The Communal Award of 1932 gave separate electorates to the depressed classes, and Gandhi's fast in Yerwada jail ended it in the Poona Pact, which kept the Hindu electorate joint but increased reserved seats.

   Standard · 5 min · Full course
7. 2.13.7Elections of 1937 and the Congress ministries

   Provincial autonomy under the 1935 Act led to the 1937 elections, in which the Congress formed ministries in most provinces, governed for about 28 months and resigned in 1939 over India being taken into the war without consultation.

   Standard · 6 min · Full course
8. 2.13.8Rise of the left: socialists, communists, trade unions and the Tripuri crisis

   In the 1930s socialists, communists and peasant and labour organisations gave the nationalist movement a left wing, and the 1939 Tripuri crisis ended with Subhas Bose leaving the Congress presidency to form the Forward Bloc.

   Standard · 5 min · Full course

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