3.1 Crime in India notes

1. 3.1.1White-collar crime, economic offences and corruption

   Edwin Sutherland (1939) named white-collar crime: crime by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation; India treats such acts as economic (socio-economic) offences, and fights corruption through the Santhanam Committee's legacy (CVC, 1964), the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (amended 2018), election law (RPA 1951, section 123), PMLA 2002 and the UN Convention against Corruption (in force 14 December 2005).

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2. 3.1.2Organised crime, terrorism and cyber crime

   Organised crime is continuing crime for profit by a structured group (now BNS section 111), terrorism is violence for a political or ideological aim (BNS section 113 and the UAPA, 1967), and cyber crime uses or targets computers and networks (IT Act, 2000); the three often meet in drugs, trafficking and terror money. Cyber frauds are in SCT-CY-02, cyber laws and agencies in SCT-CY-03, money laundering and economic offences in CR-CI-01.

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3. 3.1.3Crime in India: NCRB patterns and trends, crimes against women and children, victimology and compensation

   India's crime picture comes from the NCRB (1986, New Delhi) and its yearly Crime in India, which counts police-recorded cases; victimology (Mendelsohn, von Hentig) turned attention to the victim, and Indian law moved from restitution by the offender (CrPC 357, now BNSS 395) to compensation by the State (CrPC 357A, now BNSS 396). The offences against women are in SOC-WO-03 and SOC-WO-05.

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