5.4.2 Local government notes

1. 5.4.2.1Panchayati raj: evolution and committees

   Local self-government in India grew from colonial resolutions, through the Community Development experiment and the Balwant Rai Mehta model of 1959, to constitutional status under the 73rd Amendment, with a string of committees shaping each step.

   Standard · 9 min · Full course
2. 5.4.2.273rd Amendment: panchayats (Part IX)

   The 73rd Amendment (1992) gave panchayats constitutional status through Part IX and the Eleventh Schedule, fixing a uniform frame of three tiers, five-year terms, reservation, and state election and finance commissions, while leaving actual powers to state law.

   Standard · 10 min · Full course
3. 5.4.2.374th Amendment: municipalities (Part IXA)

   The 74th Amendment (1992) did for towns what the 73rd did for villages: Part IXA and the Twelfth Schedule give municipalities constitutional status, three types by size, wards committees, and planning committees for districts and metropolitan areas.

   Standard · 8 min · Full course
4. 5.4.2.4Types of urban local bodies

   Besides the three municipalities named in Article 243Q, India has several other urban bodies, such as cantonment boards, townships, port bodies, notified and town area committees, and single-purpose agencies, each created and controlled differently.

   Standard · 7 min · Full course
5. 5.4.2.5PESA 1996 and local government in scheduled areas

   Part IX does not apply on its own to Fifth Schedule areas, so Parliament passed PESA in 1996 to extend panchayats there with changes that put the gram sabha and tribal custom at the centre.

   Standard · 8 min · Full course
6. 5.4.2.6Local government in Andhra Pradesh

   Andhra Pradesh runs rural local government under the AP Panchayat Raj Act, 1994 through gram panchayats, mandal parishads and zilla parishads, and urban government under its municipalities and corporations laws, with village and ward secretariats added in 2019 for service delivery.

   Standard · 8 min · Full course
7. 5.4.2.7Co-operative societies (97th Amendment)

   The 97th Amendment (2011) made forming co-operatives a fundamental right, added a Directive Principle to promote them, and inserted Part IXB to make them democratic and autonomous; the Supreme Court later confined Part IXB to multi-state co-operatives.

   Standard · 8 min · Full course

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