Screening Paper II · 2 Science and Technology · APPSC Group 1

2.4.1 Nuclear technology notes

6 notes, in reading order.

  1. 2.4.1.1Radioactivity, fission and fusion: from chain reaction to ITER

    Radioactive nuclei emit alpha, beta and gamma rays; fission splits heavy nuclei and powers reactors and bombs, fusion joins light nuclei and powers the Sun, and ITER in France is the world's largest fusion experiment.

    Advanced · 5 min · Full course
  2. 2.4.1.2Nuclear reactor: components, types and research reactors (Apsara, CIRUS, Dhruva)

    A reactor uses fuel, a moderator to slow neutrons, control rods to absorb them and a coolant to carry heat; India's early research reactors at Trombay (Apsara, CIRUS, Dhruva) trained the programme.

    Advanced · 4 min · Full course
  3. 2.4.1.3Bhabha, DAE and the three-stage programme: PHWR, fast breeder and thorium

    Homi Bhabha founded India's nuclear programme and its three-stage plan: natural-uranium PHWRs, then plutonium fast breeders, then thorium-uranium-233 reactors.

    Advanced · 5 min · Full course
  4. 2.4.1.4Atomic minerals and nuclear power stations of India

    India mines uranium mainly in Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh, holds thorium in monazite beach sands, and runs nuclear power stations from Tarapur (1969) to Kudankulam, with Kovvada in Andhra Pradesh and Jaitapur proposed for imported reactors.

    Advanced · 5 min · Full course
  5. 2.4.1.5Pokhran tests and India's nuclear doctrine

    India tested a "peaceful" nuclear device in 1974 and five devices in 1998, then adopted a doctrine of credible minimum deterrence with no first use, governed by a civilian Nuclear Command Authority.

    Advanced · 5 min · Full course
  6. 2.4.1.6Nuclear treaties, regulation and liability: NPT, CTBT, NSG, 123 Agreement, AERB, SHANTI Act and the Nuclear Energy Mission

    India stays outside the NPT and CTBT but trades nuclear materials under the 2008 NSG waiver and the India-US civil nuclear deal; safety is regulated by AERB, and since December 2025 the SHANTI Act has replaced the Atomic Energy Act 1962 and the 2010 liability law; the 2025-26 Budget launched a Nuclear Energy Mission.

    Advanced · 7 min · Full course

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