Mains Paper II · 4 Environment & Ecology · 4.8 Climate and environmental treaties

4.8.10 Montreal Protocol and the Kigali Amendment

The Montreal Protocol (1987) phases out ozone-depleting substances and is the most successful environmental treaty; its Kigali Amendment (2016) extends it to phasing down HFCs, which are powerful greenhouse gases.

  • APPSC Group 2 · Mains Paper II
  • Advanced level
  • 8 min read
  • Full course

Key terms

  • Vienna Convention
  • Montreal Protocol
  • ozone-depleting substances
  • CFCs
  • HCFCs
  • halons
  • Multilateral Fund
  • Article 5 countries
  • universal ratification
  • London Amendment
  • Kigali Amendment
  • HFC phase-down
  • India Cooling Action Plan
  • Ozone Cell
  • World Ozone Day

What this note covers

  1. Core factsFoundation
  2. ExplainedStandard
  3. DeeperAdvanced
  4. Mains writingMains writing
  5. Common trapsFoundation
  6. Quick revisionFoundation

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