3.13 Energy: conventional and renewable notes

1. 3.13.1Coal and lignite: types, coalfields and thermal power

   Coal is India's most abundant fossil fuel and the main source of its electricity; most of it is Gondwana coal from eastern and central India, with lignite concentrated in Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and Gujarat.

   Advanced · 5 min · Full course
2. 3.13.2Petroleum and natural gas: oil fields, refining, pipelines, LPG and CNG

   Petroleum is refined into fuels and chemicals, natural gas is shifting cities and vehicles to cleaner fuels, and India imports most of its crude oil.

   Advanced · 5 min · Full course
3. 3.13.3Hydro, wind, tidal and geothermal energy

   Hydro, wind, tidal and geothermal energy are renewable sources from water, air and the Earth's heat, each suited to particular places.

   Advanced · 5 min · Full course
4. 3.13.4Solar energy: photovoltaics, solar parks, National Solar Mission and PM-Surya Ghar

   Solar energy is India's fastest-growing renewable source, produced by photovoltaic cells or solar heat, and driven by the National Solar Mission, solar parks and rooftop schemes like PM-Surya Ghar.

   Advanced · 5 min · Full course
5. 3.13.5Bioenergy: biogas, biofuels, ethanol blending and GOBARdhan

   Bioenergy turns plant and animal waste and crops into gas, liquid fuels and power; India pushes ethanol blending, biogas and biomass to cut oil imports and farm waste.

   Advanced · 5 min · Full course
6. 3.13.6Green hydrogen, fuel cells and energy storage

   Green hydrogen is made by splitting water with renewable electricity; with fuel cells and batteries it helps store clean energy and decarbonise heavy industry.

   Advanced · 5 min · Full course
7. 3.13.7Energy transition: India's energy mix, efficiency schemes, electric vehicles, ISA and 2030 and 2070 targets

   India aims for net-zero emissions by 2070 and about half of its installed power capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030, through renewables, efficiency, nuclear power and electric mobility.

   Advanced · 6 min · Full course

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