APPSC Group 2 · Mains Paper II · Topic 3

3 APPSC Group 2 Science & Technology questions with answers

40 questions from APPSC G2 Mains Paper II Mock 1 with answers and APPSC G2 Mains Paper II 2025 question paper with answers. Try each one, then tap Show answer.

Previous-paper questions are as in the original paper. Medha AI wrote the answers and explanations.

3.7Defence technologyNotes

  1. Q1 Mains Paper II Mock 1, Q76

    Match List I (missile) with List II (type):

    List I

    a. Akash

    b. Nag

    c. Astra

    d. Nirbhay

    List II

    I. Anti-tank guided missile

    II. Subsonic cruise missile

    III. Surface-to-air missile

    IV. Beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile

    1. Aa-III, b-I, c-IV, d-II
    2. Ba-III, b-IV, c-I, d-II
    3. Ca-I, b-III, c-IV, d-II
    4. Da-III, b-I, c-II, d-IV
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer A. a-III, b-I, c-IV, d-II

    Akash is a surface-to-air missile, Nag an anti-tank guided missile, Astra a beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile and Nirbhay a subsonic cruise missile.

    Source: DRDO missile pages

  2. Q2 Mains Paper II Mock 1, Q79

    Assertion (A): The first deterrence patrol of INS Arihant in 2018 completed India's nuclear triad.

    Reason (R): INS Arihant gave India the ability to launch nuclear weapons from the sea, adding to its existing land-based and air-based delivery means.

    1. ABoth A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
    2. BBoth A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
    3. CA is true but R is false
    4. DA is false but R is true
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

    INS Arihant's first deterrence patrol (November 2018) completed India's nuclear triad. A triad means delivery from land, air and sea, and Arihant supplied the sea-based leg, so R explains A.

    Source: PIB 5 Nov 2018

  3. Q3 Mains Paper II Mock 1, Q80

    What kind of platform is HAL's 'Dhruv'?

    1. AA main battle tank
    2. BAn unmanned aerial vehicle
    3. CAn advanced light helicopter
    4. DAn intermediate-range ballistic missile
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer C. An advanced light helicopter

    Dhruv is HAL's Advanced Light Helicopter, used by the armed forces and the Coast Guard.

    Source: HAL ALH Dhruv page

  4. Q4 Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025, Q116

    BrahMos supersonic cruise missile is developed by the joint efforts of

    1. AIndia and USA
    2. BIndia and Russia
    3. CIndia and France
    4. DIndia and Japan
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. India and Russia

    BrahMos is built by BrahMos Aerospace, a joint venture of India's DRDO and Russia's NPO Mashinostroyeniya; the name joins the Brahmaputra and Moskva rivers.

    Source: APPSC Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025 (Notification 11/2023), Q118, final key

3.5Space technologyNotes

  1. Q5 Mains Paper II Mock 1, Q77

    Who became the first Indian to visit the International Space Station, under the Axiom-4 mission in 2025?

    1. ARakesh Sharma
    2. BPrasanth Balakrishnan Nair
    3. CAjit Krishnan
    4. DShubhanshu Shukla
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer D. Shubhanshu Shukla

    Shubhanshu Shukla flew on Axiom-4 (June-July 2025) and became the first Indian to visit the ISS.

    Source: PIB releases on Axiom-4, 2025

  2. Q6 Mains Paper II Mock 1, Q84

    Which of the following is NOT a global navigation satellite system?

    1. AGPS
    2. BGLONASS
    3. CGalileo
    4. DNavIC
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer D. NavIC

    NavIC is India's regional navigation system, not a global one.

    Source: Indian Economy ref p.140; ISRO NavIC page

  3. Q7 Mains Paper II Mock 1, Q92

    Match List I (mission) with List II (launch vehicle):

    List I

    a. Chandrayaan-1

    b. Chandrayaan-3

    c. Aditya-L1

    d. Mangalyaan

    List II

    I. LVM3-M4

    II. PSLV-C25

    III. PSLV-C11

    IV. PSLV-C57

    1. Aa-III, b-I, c-IV, d-II
    2. Ba-III, b-I, c-II, d-IV
    3. Ca-I, b-III, c-IV, d-II
    4. Da-II, b-I, c-IV, d-III
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer A. a-III, b-I, c-IV, d-II

    Chandrayaan-1 flew on PSLV-C11, Chandrayaan-3 on LVM3-M4, Aditya-L1 on PSLV-C57 and Mangalyaan on PSLV-C25.

    Source: ISRO mission pages

  4. Q8 Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025, Q115

    Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) launchers have

    1. AOne solid rocket motor stage, one earth storable liquid stage and one cryogenic stage
    2. BFirst and third stage solid rocket motors and second and fourth stages liquid rocket motors
    3. CThree liquid stage motors and one solid stage motors
    4. DOne liquid stage motor and three solid stage motors
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer A. One solid rocket motor stage, one earth storable liquid stage and one cryogenic stage

    GSLV is a three-stage vehicle: a solid core first stage (with four liquid strap-ons), an earth-storable liquid second stage and a cryogenic upper stage.

    Source: APPSC Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025 (Notification 11/2023), Q117, final key

  5. Q9 Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025, Q128

    Radio Astronomy center is located in

    1. ATrombay
    2. BAhmedabad
    3. CDhanbad
    4. DOoty
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer D. Ooty

    The Radio Astronomy Centre of TIFR-NCRA, with the Ooty Radio Telescope, is at Udhagamandalam (Ooty), Tamil Nadu.

    Source: APPSC Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025 (Notification 11/2023), Q130, final key

3.13Energy: conventional & renewableNotes

  1. Q10 Mains Paper II Mock 1, Q78

    India has announced the target of reaching net-zero emissions by:

    1. A2050
    2. B2060
    3. C2070
    4. D2080
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer C. 2070

    India announced at COP26 (Glasgow, 2021) that it will reach net zero by 2070.

    Source: Indian Economy reference book p.138; India's Updated First Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement (UNFCCC, August 2022)

  2. Q11 Mains Paper II Mock 1, Q88

    Which one of the following coal mining centres is INCORRECTLY matched with its State?

    1. AJharia - Jharkhand
    2. BRaniganj - West Bengal
    3. CTalcher - Chhattisgarh
    4. DSingareni - Telangana
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer C. Talcher - Chhattisgarh

    Talcher is in Odisha, not Chhattisgarh; Korba is the major coal centre of Chhattisgarh.

    Source: NCERT Class 12 India People and Economy p.69; NCERT Class 10 Contemporary India II p.64; NCERT Class 10 Contemporary India II p.62

  3. Q12 Mains Paper II Mock 1, Q89

    The Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme is a market-based mechanism to:

    1. ATrade surplus coal between States
    2. BImprove energy efficiency in energy-intensive industries through tradable energy-saving certificates
    3. CAuction solar power capacity
    4. DPromote export of LED bulbs
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. Improve energy efficiency in energy-intensive industries through tradable energy-saving certificates

    PAT, under the National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, sets energy-saving targets for energy-intensive industries; units that save more get tradable certificates.

    Source: BEE PAT scheme

  4. Q13 Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025, Q40

    What challenges does India face in managing its oil consumption ?

    1. ALack of domestic energy demand
    2. BConsistent global oil prices
    3. CSupply chain disruptions and fluctuating global oil prices
    4. DAbundant oil reserves
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer C. Supply chain disruptions and fluctuating global oil prices

    India imports over 85% of its crude oil, so supply disruptions and volatile world prices are its main oil challenges.

    Source: APPSC Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025 (Notification 11/2023), Q41, final key

  5. Q14 Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025, Q75

    What is the primary goal of India's National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) ?

    1. APromote coal-based power generation
    2. BPromote renewable energy technologies and reduce carbon emissions
    3. CIncrease consumption of fossil fuels
    4. DImprove forest conservation practices
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. Promote renewable energy technologies and reduce carbon emissions

    The NCEF, built from a cess on coal (2010), was meant to finance research and projects in clean and renewable energy technologies and cut carbon emissions.

    Source: APPSC Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025 (Notification 11/2023), Q76, final key

  6. Q15 Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025, Q113

    The mission of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is

    a. Energy Security

    b. Increase in the share of clean power

    c. Energy availability and access

    d. Energy affordability

    e. Energy equity

    1. AOnly a, b and d
    2. BOnly a, c, d and e
    3. CAll of the above
    4. DNone of the above
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer C. All of the above

    MNRE's stated mission covers energy security, a larger share of clean power, energy availability and access, energy affordability and energy equity, so all five apply.

    Source: APPSC Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025 (Notification 11/2023), Q115, final key

  7. Q16 Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025, Q114

    India has the ______ largest installed wind power capacity in the world.

    1. AFourth
    2. BSecond
    3. CEighth
    4. DSixth
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer A. Fourth

    India ranks fourth in installed wind power capacity, after China, the USA and Germany.

    Source: APPSC Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025 (Notification 11/2023), Q116, final key

  8. Q17 Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025, Q131

    Project that is not associated with International Solar Alliance (ISA).

    1. AITEC
    2. BISTARC
    3. COSOWOG
    4. DKUSUM
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer D. KUSUM

    PM-KUSUM is India's domestic scheme for solar pumps and farm solar plants. ISA runs ISTARC centres and the One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG) initiative and trains members with India's ITEC programme.

    Source: APPSC Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025 (Notification 11/2023), Q134, final key

  9. Q18 Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025, Q132

    State which is the largest producer of wind energy in India

    1. AAndhra Pradesh
    2. BGujarat
    3. CTamil Nadu
    4. DKarnataka
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. Gujarat

    Gujarat overtook Tamil Nadu and now has the largest installed wind power capacity in India; Tamil Nadu is second.

    Source: APPSC Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025 (Notification 11/2023), Q135, final key

3.10ICT, AI & cyber securityNotes

  1. Q19 Mains Paper II Mock 1, Q81

    Which one of the following is NOT a type of malware?

    1. AFirewall
    2. BWorm
    3. CTrojan horse
    4. DRansomware
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer A. Firewall

    A firewall is a security tool that filters network traffic; worms, trojans and ransomware are malware.

    Source: CERT-In security glossary / advisories (MeitY)

  2. Q20 Mains Paper II Mock 1, Q87

    The National Quantum Mission (2023-24 to 2030-31) is being implemented by the:

    1. ADepartment of Biotechnology
    2. BMinistry of Electronics and Information Technology
    3. CDepartment of Science and Technology
    4. DDefence Research and Development Organisation
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer C. Department of Science and Technology

    The National Quantum Mission is implemented by the Department of Science and Technology.

    Source: PIB release 19 Apr 2023

  3. Q21 Mains Paper II Mock 1, Q90

    As per CERT-In directions of April 2022, specified cyber incidents must be reported to CERT-In within:

    1. A6 hours
    2. B24 hours
    3. C72 hours
    4. D7 days
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer A. 6 hours

    CERT-In directions (28 April 2022) require reporting of specified cyber incidents within 6 hours of noticing them.

    Source: CERT-In Directions under section 70B(6) of the IT Act, No. 20(3)/2022-CERT-In, 28 April 2022 para (ii)

  4. Q22 Mains Paper II Mock 1, Q93

    AIRAWAT, India's AI supercomputer that entered the global Top500 list in 2023, is installed at:

    1. AIISc, Bengaluru
    2. BIIT Madras
    3. CC-DAC, Pune
    4. DIIT Kharagpur
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer C. C-DAC, Pune

    AIRAWAT is installed at C-DAC, Pune; it was ranked 75th in the Top500 list of May 2023.

    Source: PW Indian Economy p.131

  5. Q23 Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025, Q112

    What is Digital arrest ?

    1. AArrest made by police when the accused is in foreign countries
    2. BArrest made by police when the accused cannot be arrested physically
    3. CArrest made by police when the accused is granted anticipatory bail by courts
    4. DTerm used by cyber criminals to scare victims
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer D. Term used by cyber criminals to scare victims

    'Digital arrest' is a cyber fraud: callers pose as police or agency officers on video calls and claim the victim is under arrest to extort money. No such legal arrest exists.

    Source: APPSC Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025 (Notification 11/2023), Q114, final key

  6. Q24 Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025, Q117

    The terms 'Petya' and 'WannaCry' are related to

    1. AMobile apps
    2. BRansomware
    3. CVirtual reality
    4. DMini Satellites
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. Ransomware

    WannaCry (2017) and Petya/NotPetya are ransomware that encrypt files and demand payment for the key.

    Source: APPSC Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025 (Notification 11/2023), Q119, final key

  7. Q25 Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025, Q127

    Match List – I with List – II and choose the correct answer using the codes given below.

    List – I (Emerging Technology)List – II (Scientist)
    a. Artificial IntelligenceI. Kevin Ashton
    b. Open-AIII. Sam Altman
    c. Internet of Things (IoT)III. Thomas P. Caudell
    d. Augmented realityIV. Alan Turing
    1. Aa-I, b-III, c-IV, d-II
    2. Ba-IV, b-II, c-I, d-III
    3. Ca-IV, b-II, c-III, d-I
    4. Da-II, b-IV, c-III, d-I
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. a-IV, b-II, c-I, d-III

    Alan Turing laid the foundations of AI, Sam Altman co-founded and heads OpenAI, Kevin Ashton coined 'Internet of Things' (1999) and Thomas Caudell coined 'augmented reality' (1990).

    Source: APPSC Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025 (Notification 11/2023), Q129, final key

3.8Nuclear technologyNotes

  1. Q26 Mains Paper II Mock 1, Q82

    The Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) of 500 MWe is located at

    1. ATarapur
    2. BKudankulam
    3. CTrombay
    4. DKalpakkam
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer D. Kalpakkam

    The 500 MWe PFBR, built by BHAVINI, is at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu.

    Source: PIB 4 Mar 2024

  2. Q27 Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025, Q129

    Assertion (A) : DHRUVA is India's largest nuclear research reactor.

    Reason (R) : Advanced Heavy Water Reactor envisages large scale utilization of plutonium bearing spent fuel.

    1. A(A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
    2. B(A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
    3. C(A) is correct but (R) is not correct
    4. D(A) is not correct but (R) is correct
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer C. (A) is correct but (R) is not correct

    Dhruva (100 MW, BARC) is India's largest research reactor. The AHWR is designed for large-scale use of thorium, the third stage of India's programme, not plutonium-bearing spent fuel, so R is wrong.

    Source: APPSC Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025 (Notification 11/2023), Q131, final key

3.1Biotechnology & healthNotes

  1. Q28 Mains Paper II Mock 1, Q83

    CRISPR-Cas9, for which the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded, is a technology used for:

    1. AGenome editing
    2. BDNA fingerprinting
    3. CProtein sequencing
    4. DCloning of whole animals
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer A. Genome editing

    CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome-editing tool; Doudna and Charpentier received the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for it.

    Source: Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020 citation (Nobel Foundation)

  2. Q29 Mains Paper II Mock 1, Q85

    Which one of the following has been modified into a cloning vector for delivering genes of interest into plants?

    1. APlasmid pBR322 of Escherichia coli
    2. BDisarmed retrovirus
    3. CPlasmid of Salmonella typhimurium
    4. DTi plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer D. Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens

    The tumour-inducing (Ti) plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been made non-pathogenic and is used to deliver genes into plants.

    Source: NCERT Class 12 Biology p.182; NCERT Class 12 Biology p.181

  3. Q30 Mains Paper II Mock 1, Q86

    Golden rice is a genetically modified rice enriched with:

    1. AVitamin C
    2. BVitamin A
    3. CIron
    4. DVitamin D
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. Vitamin A

    Golden rice is vitamin A enriched rice, an example of GM improving the nutritional value of food.

    Source: NCERT Class 12 Biology p.191

  4. Q31 Mains Paper II Mock 1, Q91

    Rosie, the first transgenic cow (1997), produced milk enriched with which human protein?

    1. AAlpha-lactalbumin
    2. BAlpha-1-antitrypsin
    3. CInsulin
    4. DInterferon
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer A. Alpha-lactalbumin

    Rosie's milk contained human alpha-lactalbumin (2.4 g per litre), making it nutritionally better balanced for human babies.

    Source: NCERT Class 12 Biology ch.10 (pdf p.196)

  5. Q32 Mains Paper II Mock 1, Q94

    Consider the following statements about Bt toxin:

    I. In the bacterium, the Bt toxin protein exists as an inactive protoxin.

    II. The protoxin becomes active due to the acidic pH of the insect gut.

    III. The active toxin creates pores in the midgut epithelial cells of the insect.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. AI and II only
    2. BII and III only
    3. CI and III only
    4. DI, II and III
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer C. I and III only

    Statements I and III are correct; the protoxin is activated by the alkaline (not acidic) pH of the insect gut.

    Source: NCERT Class 12 Biology p.191; NCERT Class 12 Biology p.169

  6. Q33 Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025, Q86

    What is the primary environmental concern associated with Genetically Modified (GM) crops ?

    1. ACross-pollination with non-GM crops
    2. BReduced pesticide use
    3. CIncreased yield
    4. DSoil degradation
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer A. Cross-pollination with non-GM crops

    The main ecological worry about GM crops is gene flow: transgenes spreading to non-GM crops and wild relatives through cross-pollination.

    Source: APPSC Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025 (Notification 11/2023), Q87, final key

  7. Q34 Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025, Q87

    Which Organization regulates Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) in India ?

    1. AFood Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)
    2. BGenetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC)
    3. CCentral Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
    4. DIndian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC)

    GEAC, under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (Rules 1989 under the EPA 1986), appraises and approves large-scale use and release of GMOs.

    Source: APPSC Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025 (Notification 11/2023), Q88, final key

  8. Q35 Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025, Q106

    Subject that is not associated with Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission

    1. AArogya Mitra
    2. BHealth ID
    3. CSand Box
    4. DHealthcare Professionals Registry
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer A. Arogya Mitra

    ABDM's building blocks include the Health ID (ABHA), Healthcare Professionals Registry, Health Facility Registry and a Sandbox for integration testing. Arogya Mitras are PM-JAY hospital help-desk staff, not an ABDM component.

    Source: APPSC Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025 (Notification 11/2023), Q108, final key

  9. Q36 Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025, Q109

    Which of the following public health campaigns was launched to improve sanitation in India ?

    1. ASwachh Bharat Abhiyan
    2. BPradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana
    3. CNational Tuberculosis Elimination Program
    4. DMission Indradhanush
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer A. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

    Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (2014) targets sanitation and an open-defecation-free India. PM-JAY is health insurance and Mission Indradhanush is immunisation.

    Source: APPSC Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025 (Notification 11/2023), Q111, final key

  10. Q37 Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025, Q110

    Ayushman Bharat primarily aims to provide healthcare coverage to which group ?

    1. AUrban middle-class families
    2. BRural and poor populations
    3. CSenior citizens
    4. DPrivate healthcare providers
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. Rural and poor populations

    Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY gives up to Rs 5 lakh per family per year to poor and vulnerable families identified from SECC data, largely rural and poor households.

    Source: APPSC Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025 (Notification 11/2023), Q112, final key

  11. Q38 Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025, Q111

    Which of the following factors contributed most to the burden of malnutrition in India ?

    1. ALack of access to clean water
    2. BPoor dietary habits and food insecurity
    3. COverconsumption of processed foods
    4. DIncrease in environmental pollution
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. Poor dietary habits and food insecurity

    Inadequate and poor-quality diets and household food insecurity are the main direct drivers of malnutrition; water and sanitation are contributing factors.

    Source: APPSC Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025 (Notification 11/2023), Q113, final key

  12. Q39 Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025, Q123

    Disease transmitting vector is not a Mosquito for which disease ?

    1. AChikungunya
    2. BLeishmaniasis
    3. CDengue
    4. DMalaria
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. Leishmaniasis

    Leishmaniasis (kala-azar) is spread by sandflies. Chikungunya and dengue are spread by Aedes and malaria by Anopheles mosquitoes.

    Source: APPSC Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025 (Notification 11/2023), Q125, final key

  13. Q40 Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025, Q126

    Autonomous institute under the Department of Biotechnology (DBT)

    1. ACentral Food Technological Research Institute
    2. BCentral Glass Ceramic Research Institute
    3. CCentre for Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing
    4. DCentre for Cellular and Molecular Biology
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer C. Centre for Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing

    CIAB, Mohali is an autonomous institute of DBT. CFTRI (Mysuru), CGCRI (Kolkata) and CCMB (Hyderabad) are CSIR laboratories.

    Source: APPSC Group 2 Mains Paper II 2025 (Notification 11/2023), Q128, final key

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