6.11 Social issues notes

1. 6.11.1Communalism: meaning, stages, riots and commissions of inquiry

   Communalism is the belief that people who follow one religion form a community with common secular interests that are different from, and finally hostile to, those of other religions; India answers it with secular law, criminal offences, election law and commissions of inquiry.

   Standard · 9 min · Full course
2. 6.11.2Regionalism and sons-of-the-soil movements: linguistic states, Dravidian, Punjab, Assam and the North-East

   Regionalism is loyalty to a region, language or ethnic group that seeks recognition, autonomy, statehood or jobs for "sons of the soil"; India has mostly absorbed it by redrawing states and signing accords rather than by force alone.

   Standard · 9 min · Full course
3. 6.11.3Poverty, social exclusion and vulnerability: culture of poverty and feminisation of poverty

   Poverty is the lack of the income or capabilities needed for a minimum decent life; sociology adds that exclusion by caste, gender, place and disability decides who stays poor and who is most vulnerable to falling back.

   Standard · 9 min · Full course
4. 6.11.4Urbanisation and migration: social consequences, slums and the urban poor

   Urbanisation is the rise in the share of people living in towns; in India it is driven by migration and by villages turning into towns, and it brings new freedoms along with slums, informal work and weak civic services for the urban poor.

   Standard · 8 min · Full course
5. 6.11.5Globalisation and Indian society

   Globalisation is the growing interconnection of the world through trade, capital, technology, people and ideas; in India it took off with the 1991 reforms and has changed work, family, culture and inequality at once.

   Standard · 7 min · Full course
6. 6.11.6Left-wing extremism and insurgency: Naxalbari to Salwa Judum

   Left-wing extremism (Naxalism, now Maoism) is an armed movement that claims to fight for landless peasants and tribals against the State; it grew where land, forest and governance failures met, and the State has answered with security operations, development and rights laws.

   Standard · 8 min · Full course

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