5 Criminal Justice System, Probation and Parole · 5.2 Probation and parole

5.2.1 Probation: origin, concept and development in India

Probation (Latin probare, "to test or prove") is a court's decision to release a convicted offender into the community instead of sending him to prison, on a bond of good conduct and usually under the supervision of a probation officer; it grew from the work of Matthew Davenport Hill (England) and John Augustus (Boston, 1841, the "father of probation"), and in India runs from CrPC 1898 Section 562 through the provincial Acts of the 1930s to the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 and CrPC 360 (now BNSS 401).

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Key terms

  • probation
  • probare
  • probatus
  • probatio
  • John Augustus
  • father of probation
  • Boston 1841
  • Matthew Davenport Hill
  • Recorder of Birmingham
  • recognizance
  • judicial reprieve
  • benefit of clergy
  • police court missionaries
  • Massachusetts 1878
  • Edward Savage
  • Probation of First Offenders Act 1887
  • Probation of Offenders Act 1907
  • advise assist and befriend
  • Federal Probation Act 1925
  • Sutherland
  • United Nations 1951
  • Gillin
  • first stage of correction
  • probation vs parole
  • furlough
  • suspended sentence
  • admonition
  • pre-sentence report
  • supervision
  • non-institutional treatment
  • community-based correction
  • Section 562 CrPC 1898
  • Indian Jails Committee 1919-20
  • draft Probation Bill 1931
  • Madras Probation of Offenders Act
  • Central Provinces
  • Bombay 1938
  • U.P. First Offenders Probation Act 1938
  • Hyderabad Probation of Offenders Act 1953
  • Probation of Offenders Act 1958
  • Section 360 CrPC
  • Section 401 BNSS
  • Law Commission 41st Report
  • Mulla Committee
  • Tokyo Rules 1990
  • prison contamination

What this note covers

  1. Core factsFoundation
  2. ExplainedStandard
  3. DeeperAdvanced
  4. AP angleStandard
  5. Common trapsFoundation
  6. Quick revisionFoundation

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