Hostel Welfare Officer Paper II · 3 Educational Psychology: Nature, Methods & Development · APPSC Paper I
3.2 Growth and development notes
4 notes, in reading order.
- 3.2.1Growth and development: concepts, principles, heredity and environment
Growth is the measurable increase in size and weight of the body and its parts, which stops at maturity; development is the lifelong, orderly series of quantitative and qualitative changes in the whole person that follows predictable principles and comes from the interaction of heredity and environment.
Standard · 12 min · Full course - 3.2.2Stages and aspects of development, including language
Development passes through fixed stages (prenatal, infancy, early childhood, late childhood, adolescence, adulthood), each with its own developmental tasks (Havighurst), and in each stage the child changes in physical, mental, emotional, social, moral and language aspects; language is explained by Skinner (imitation and reinforcement), Chomsky (an inborn Language Acquisition Device) and Vygotsky (social interaction).
Standard · 15 min · Full course - 3.2.3Piaget and Vygotsky: cognitive development
Piaget says the child is an active builder of knowledge (constructivism) who adapts through assimilation, accommodation and equilibration and passes through four fixed stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational); Vygotsky says thinking is first social, then individual, and grows best in the zone of proximal development with the help of an adult or a more able peer.
Standard · 14 min · Full course - 3.2.4Freud, Erikson and Kohlberg: personality, psychosocial and moral development
Freud explains personality as a contest between the id, ego and superego shaped through five psychosexual stages in childhood; Erikson widens this into eight psychosocial stages across the whole life, each a crisis to resolve; Kohlberg traces how moral reasoning grows through three levels and six stages.
Standard · 16 min · Full course
Practise Growth and development. Questions with answers explained, from the same topics.
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