7.1 Universalisation of elementary education notes

1. 7.1.1Constitutional guarantee and the RTE Act 2009

   The Constitution first only promised free and compulsory education up to 14 (original Article 45, a Directive Principle); the 86th Amendment (2002) made it a Fundamental Right (Article 21A, ages 6 to 14), and the RTE Act 2009 (in force 1 April 2010) lays down how the State must deliver it.

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2. 7.1.2UEE: MLL, problems and national programmes

   Universalisation of elementary education (UEE) means every child aged 6 to 14 gets access, enrols, stays, takes part and learns; MLL set the minimum each child must learn, and India pursued UEE through Operation Blackboard (1987), DPEP (1994), the Mid-Day Meal (1995), SSA (2001), Samagra Shiksha (2018) and NIPUN Bharat (2021).

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3. 7.1.3Wastage and stagnation

   Wastage is a child leaving school before completing the primary (now elementary) course; stagnation is a child kept in the same class for more than one year; the Hartog Committee (1929) first showed how large both were in primary education, about 65% of wastage comes from poverty, and the cures are economic support, better teachers and teaching, and no needless failure.

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