APPSC Paper I · Probation Officer Paper II: Social Work & Criminology · Topic 2

2 APPSC Paper I Criminology, Deviance and Crime questions with answers

37 questions from APPSC DPO 2023 SW & Criminology question paper with answers and APPSC DPO Social Work & Criminology Mock 1 with answers. Try each one, then tap Show answer.

Previous-paper questions are as in the original paper. Medha AI wrote the answers and explanations.

2.1Crime: definition, elements, classification and principles of criminal liabilityNotes

  1. Q1 DPO 2023 SW & Criminology, Q22

    “A crime is an act, committed or omitted, in violation of public law either forbidding it or commanding it”. Who defined it?

    1. AGarofello
    2. BWilliam Blackstone
    3. CGeorge Stephen
    4. DSutherland
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. William Blackstone

    William Blackstone defined crime as an act committed or omitted in violation of a public law forbidding or commanding it.

    Source: APPSC DPO 2023 SW & Criminology (Notification 11/2022), Q22, final key

  2. Q2 DPO 2023 SW & Criminology, Q23

    The maxim ‘nulla poena sine legge’ means?

    1. ANo one can be the judge in his own cause
    2. BNo one can be punished for an act unless it is made punishable under the law
    3. CWhere there is remedy there is way
    4. DWhere there is a right there is a remedy
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. No one can be punished for an act unless it is made punishable under the law

    Nulla poena sine lege: no punishment without a law. No one can be punished for an act unless the law makes it punishable (see Article 20(1)).

    Source: APPSC DPO 2023 SW & Criminology (Notification 11/2022), Q24, final key

  3. Q3 DPO 2023 SW & Criminology, Q27

    R Vs M’Naghtan case is well famous for the:

    1. ARule of criminal responsibility in insanity
    2. BRule of criminal conspiracy in insanity
    3. CRule of proximate effect
    4. DRule of contributory negligence
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer A. Rule of criminal responsibility in insanity

    R v M'Naghten (1843) set the M'Naghten Rules on criminal responsibility in insanity, which shaped Section 84 IPC.

    Source: APPSC DPO 2023 SW & Criminology (Notification 11/2022), Q28, final key

  4. Q4 DPO 2023 SW & Criminology, Q31

    Match the following items given in List-I with the items given in List-II.

    List – IList – II
    a. Section 84 IPC1. Theory of punishment
    b. NDPS Act2. Forms of punishment
    c. Deterrent theory3. Immunity from criminal responsibility due to unsoundness
    d. Section 57 IPC4. 1985
    1. Aa-4, b-1, c-3, d-2
    2. Ba-3, b-4, c-1, d-2
    3. Ca-4, b-3, c-1, d-2
    4. Da-1, b-4, c-3, d-2
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. a-3, b-4, c-1, d-2

    Section 84 IPC: act of a person of unsound mind; NDPS Act: 1985; deterrent theory: a theory of punishment; Section 57 IPC: fractions of terms of punishment (listed here as forms of punishment). So a-3, b-4, c-1, d-2.

    Source: APPSC DPO 2023 SW & Criminology (Notification 11/2022), Q32, final key

  5. Q5 DPO 2023 SW & Criminology, Q40

    Which of the following is a victimless crime?

    1. AExtremist Act
    2. BProstitution
    3. CTrafficking
    4. DRape
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. Prostitution

    Victimless crimes, such as prostitution, gambling and drug use, are acts between consenting adults with no direct complaining victim.

    Source: APPSC DPO 2023 SW & Criminology (Notification 11/2022), Q41, final key

  6. Q6 DPO 2023 SW & Criminology, Q43

    Crimes with less seriousness in nature are referred as:

    1. ACases of strict liability
    2. BMisdemeanors
    3. CWrongful acts
    4. DFelony
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. Misdemeanors

    Less serious crimes are called misdemeanours; serious ones are felonies.

    Source: APPSC DPO 2023 SW & Criminology (Notification 11/2022), Q44, final key

  7. Q7 DPO 2023 SW & Criminology, Q50

    Select the option that is true regarding the following two statements labelled Assertion and Reason.

    Assertion (A): The presumption of Innocence is a fundamental principle of criminal jurisprudence which asserts that a person should be presumed innocent unless and until proved guilty.

    Reason (R): the burden of proof is on he who declares, not on he who denies.

    1. ABoth (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation to (A)
    2. B(A) is correct but (R) is not the correct explanation to (A).
    3. CBoth (A) and (R) are correct.
    4. DBoth (A) and (R) are not correct.
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation to (A)

    Presumption of innocence rests on the rule that the burden of proof lies on the one who asserts (the prosecution), so R explains A.

    Source: APPSC DPO 2023 SW & Criminology (Notification 11/2022), Q51, final key

  8. Q8 DPO 2023 SW & Criminology, Q67

    The Latin maxim of Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea means:

    1. AAn act does not make a man guilty of a crime, unless his mind is also guilty
    2. BAn act make a man guilty of a crime, irrespective of his mind be guilty or not
    3. COnly an act in a criminal offence makes a person guilty
    4. DAny commission of an act which one was supposed not to do
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer A. An act does not make a man guilty of a crime, unless his mind is also guilty

    The maxim means an act alone does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty; it is the basis of mens rea.

    Source: APPSC DPO 2023 SW & Criminology (Notification 11/2022), Q68, final key

  9. Q9 DPO Social Work & Criminology Mock 1, Q23

    Select the option that is true regarding the following two statements labelled Assertion and Reason.

    Assertion (A): Under the M'Naghten Rules, every person is presumed to be sane and responsible for his crimes until the contrary is proved.

    Reason (R): The M'Naghten Rules were laid down by the Supreme Court of the United States.

    1. ABoth (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
    2. BBoth (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
    3. C(A) is true but (R) is false
    4. D(A) is false but (R) is true
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer C. (A) is true but (R) is false

    The presumption of sanity is the opening rule of the 1843 M'Naghten Rules. They were answers given by the English judges to questions put by the House of Lords, not a US Supreme Court decision.

    Source: Medha AI, based on the APPSC District Probation Officer Paper II (Social Work & Criminology) syllabus (12/2026)

  10. Q10 DPO Social Work & Criminology Mock 1, Q27

    Which of the following pairs of IPC general exceptions is NOT correctly matched?

    1. ASection 76 – Act done by a person bound, or by mistake of fact believing himself bound, by law
    2. BSection 80 – Accident in doing a lawful act
    3. CSection 83 – Act of a child under seven years of age
    4. DSection 85 – Act of a person intoxicated against his will
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer C. Section 83 – Act of a child under seven years of age

    The general exceptions are IPC 76–106, now BNS 14–44. IPC 76 = BNS 14, IPC 80 = BNS 18, IPC 82 (child under seven) = BNS 20, IPC 83 (child of 7–12 of immature understanding) = BNS 21, IPC 85 = BNS 23.

    Source: Medha AI, based on the APPSC District Probation Officer Paper II (Social Work & Criminology) syllabus (12/2026)

  11. Q11 DPO Social Work & Criminology Mock 1, Q31

    Under the M'Naghten Rules (1843), an accused is not criminally responsible if at the time of the act, owing to a disease of the mind, he:

    1. ADid not know the nature and quality of the act, or did not know that it was wrong
    2. BCould not resist an impulse to commit the act
    3. CCommitted an act that was the product of mental illness
    4. DHad a below-average intelligence quotient
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer A. Did not know the nature and quality of the act, or did not know that it was wrong

    The M'Naghten Rules, framed by the judges for the House of Lords after Daniel M'Naghten killed Edward Drummond, are a cognitive test of knowledge. Section 84 IPC (now BNS 22) follows the same test.

    Source: Medha AI, based on the APPSC District Probation Officer Paper II (Social Work & Criminology) syllabus (12/2026)

  12. Q12 DPO Social Work & Criminology Mock 1, Q35

    Thorsten Sellin argued that criminologists should study violations of 'conduct norms' of groups rather than only acts defined by the criminal law. This approach is an example of:

    1. AA legal definition of crime
    2. BA social (normative) definition of crime
    3. CA procedural definition of crime
    4. DA psychiatric definition of crime
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. A social (normative) definition of crime

    Sellin's Culture Conflict and Crime (1938) looked beyond statutes to group conduct norms, a social or normative view of crime, unlike the legal view of Tappan or Blackstone.

    Source: Medha AI, based on the APPSC District Probation Officer Paper II (Social Work & Criminology) syllabus (12/2026)

  13. Q13 DPO Social Work & Criminology Mock 1, Q39

    As a general rule of criminal law, mere intention and ______ are not punishable, while an attempt is.

    1. AAbetment
    2. BPreparation
    3. CConspiracy
    4. DInstigation
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. Preparation

    Preparation is usually not punished because it is hard to prove the accused would have gone on. Exceptions include collecting arms to wage war against the state (IPC 122, now BNS 149) and preparing to commit dacoity (IPC 399, now BNS 310(4)).

    Source: Medha AI, based on the APPSC District Probation Officer Paper II (Social Work & Criminology) syllabus (12/2026)

2.1Theories of crime: biological, psychological and sociologicalNotes

  1. Q14 DPO 2023 SW & Criminology, Q24

    The idea that humans have mental conflicts because of desires and energies that are repressed into the unconscious is propounded by:

    1. ASkinner
    2. BRosco Pound
    3. CAustin
    4. DSigmund Freud
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer D. Sigmund Freud

    Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis holds that desires and energies repressed into the unconscious cause mental conflicts.

    Source: APPSC DPO 2023 SW & Criminology (Notification 11/2022), Q25, final key

  2. Q15 DPO 2023 SW & Criminology, Q26

    ______ was the first criminologist who correlated crime with heredity of the criminal.

    1. AHerbert Spencer
    2. BBeccaria
    3. CLombroso
    4. DAugust Comte
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer C. Lombroso

    Cesare Lombroso (L'uomo delinquente, 1876) linked crime to heredity with his idea of the 'born criminal'.

    Source: APPSC DPO 2023 SW & Criminology (Notification 11/2022), Q27, final key

  3. Q16 DPO 2023 SW & Criminology, Q28

    Aristotle has given ______ laws of Association which has a close bearing on psychological concept of crime.

    1. AFour
    2. BThree
    3. CSix
    4. DTwo
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer A. Four

    Aristotle's laws of association, as given in psychology and criminology texts (e.g. Hergenhahn), are four: similarity, contrast, contiguity and frequency. Some books list only the first three.

    Source: APPSC DPO 2023 SW & Criminology (Notification 11/2022), Q29, final key

  4. Q17 DPO 2023 SW & Criminology, Q35

    Select the option that is true regarding the following two statements labelled Assertion and Reason.

    Assertion (A): Enrico Ferri rejected the doctrine of free will, that is, it is not the criminal who wish to act.

    Reason (R): Ferri believed that the situation actually influences the criminal’s actions. He believed that crime was produced primarily by the type of society from which the criminal comes.

    1. A(A) is correct, but (R) is wrong.
    2. B(A) is wrong, but (R) is correct.
    3. CBoth (A) and (R) are correct.
    4. DBoth (A) and (R) are wrong.
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer C. Both (A) and (R) are correct.

    Ferri, of the positive school, rejected free will and held that physical, anthropological and social factors cause crime. Both statements are true.

    Source: APPSC DPO 2023 SW & Criminology (Notification 11/2022), Q36, final key

  5. Q18 DPO 2023 SW & Criminology, Q51

    Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?

    1. ALaw of criminal Saturation – Enrico Ferri
    2. BDrift Theory – Frank Tannebaum
    3. CClassical School – William. J. Chambliss
    4. DSubculture Theory – Freda Adler
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer A. Law of criminal Saturation – Enrico Ferri

    Enrico Ferri gave the law of criminal saturation; drift theory is David Matza's, the classical school is Beccaria/Bentham, and subculture theory is Albert Cohen's.

    Source: APPSC DPO 2023 SW & Criminology (Notification 11/2022), Q52, final key

  6. Q19 DPO 2023 SW & Criminology, Q52

    Who expanded the Differential Association theory to include the Principles of Modern Behaviour Theory?

    1. ADonald Taft
    2. BEdwin Sutherland
    3. CRonard Dworkin
    4. DRonald L. Akers
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer D. Ronald L. Akers

    Ronald Akers (with Burgess) reworked Sutherland's differential association into differential association-reinforcement (social learning) theory using operant behaviour principles.

    Source: APPSC DPO 2023 SW & Criminology (Notification 11/2022), Q53, final key

  7. Q20 DPO 2023 SW & Criminology, Q54

    The theory of delinquent subculture was propounded by:

    1. AEdwin Sutherland
    2. BCohen
    3. CKarl Marx
    4. DLon Fuller
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. Cohen

    Albert K. Cohen's 'Delinquent Boys' (1955) set out the delinquent subculture theory.

    Source: APPSC DPO 2023 SW & Criminology (Notification 11/2022), Q55, final key

  8. Q21 DPO Social Work & Criminology Mock 1, Q24

    Select the option that is true regarding the following two statements labelled Assertion and Reason.

    Assertion (A): Labelling theorists argue that a formal reaction to a minor offence can push a young person into a deviant career.

    Reason (R): A public deviant label changes a person's self-image and closes legitimate opportunities, which leads to secondary deviance.

    1. ABoth (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
    2. BBoth (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
    3. C(A) is true but (R) is false
    4. D(A) is false but (R) is true
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

    Labelling theory (Tannenbaum, Lemert, Becker) holds that the label itself, by changing self-concept and others' responses, produces further (secondary) deviance; R explains A.

    Source: Medha AI, based on the APPSC District Probation Officer Paper II (Social Work & Criminology) syllabus (12/2026)

  9. Q22 DPO Social Work & Criminology Mock 1, Q28

    Select the option that is true regarding the following two statements labelled Assertion and Reason.

    Assertion (A): Enrico Ferri held that crime is produced by anthropological (individual), physical and social factors acting together.

    Reason (R): Ferri regarded the born criminal as the only class of criminal.

    1. ABoth (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
    2. BBoth (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
    3. C(A) is true but (R) is false
    4. D(A) is false but (R) is true
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer C. (A) is true but (R) is false

    Ferri's multiple-factor view is correct, but he classified criminals into five classes: born, insane, habitual, occasional and passional, so R is false.

    Source: Medha AI, based on the APPSC District Probation Officer Paper II (Social Work & Criminology) syllabus (12/2026)

  10. Q23 DPO Social Work & Criminology Mock 1, Q32

    Strain theory, which explains deviance as the result of a gap between culturally approved goals and the legitimate means available to reach them, is associated with:

    1. ATravis Hirschi
    2. BEdwin Lemert
    3. CWilliam Sheldon
    4. DRobert K. Merton
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer D. Robert K. Merton

    Merton set out the theory in 'Social Structure and Anomie' (1938).

    Source: Medha AI, based on the APPSC District Probation Officer Paper II (Social Work & Criminology) syllabus (12/2026)

  11. Q24 DPO Social Work & Criminology Mock 1, Q36

    'Techniques of neutralization', such as denial of responsibility, denial of injury and condemnation of the condemners, were described by:

    1. AShaw and McKay
    2. BSykes and Matza
    3. CCloward and Ohlin
    4. DBurgess and Akers
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. Sykes and Matza

    Gresham Sykes and David Matza (1957) described how delinquents rationalise their acts so as to suspend their commitment to conventional norms.

    Source: Medha AI, based on the APPSC District Probation Officer Paper II (Social Work & Criminology) syllabus (12/2026)

  12. Q25 DPO Social Work & Criminology Mock 1, Q40

    The distinction between 'primary deviance' and 'secondary deviance' was made by:

    1. AEdwin Lemert
    2. BHoward Becker
    3. CAlbert Cohen
    4. DRobert Merton
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer A. Edwin Lemert

    Lemert (Social Pathology, 1951) called the initial rule-breaking primary deviance, and deviance that follows from taking on the deviant label and role secondary deviance.

    Source: Medha AI, based on the APPSC District Probation Officer Paper II (Social Work & Criminology) syllabus (12/2026)

2.1Deviance, social control, drug abuse and crime preventionNotes

  1. Q26 DPO 2023 SW & Criminology, Q29

    Select the option that is true regarding the following two statements labelled Assertion and Reason.

    Assertion (A): The lack of knowledge of child psychology and communication gap between parents and young addicts are also contributory factors for drug-abuse and alcoholism.

    Reason (R): Pharmaceutical and medical sciences have provided scope for production of a variety of toxic synthetic substances. This has contributed to drug-abuse and addiction.

    1. A(A) is correct but (R) is not the correct explanation to (A).
    2. BBoth (A) and (R) are correct.
    3. CBoth (A) and (R) are not correct.
    4. D(A) is correct and (R) is the correct explanation to (A).
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer A. (A) is correct but (R) is not the correct explanation to (A).

    Both are true: A gives family and psychological causes, R gives the supply of synthetic drugs. R does not explain A.

    Source: APPSC DPO 2023 SW & Criminology (Notification 11/2022), Q30, final key

  2. Q27 DPO 2023 SW & Criminology, Q80

    Crime Prevention through Environmental Design theory was proposed by -

    1. ARonald Clarkein
    2. BCrawford
    3. CC. Ray Jeffery
    4. DOxford Newman
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer C. C. Ray Jeffery

    C. Ray Jeffery coined CPTED in his 1971 book 'Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design'.

    Source: APPSC DPO 2023 SW & Criminology (Notification 11/2022), Q81, final key

  3. Q28 DPO Social Work & Criminology Mock 1, Q25

    Select the correct answer regarding the following two statements labelled Assertion and Reason.

    Assertion (A): Under Section 64A of the NDPS Act, 1985, an addict charged with consumption or with an offence involving a small quantity who voluntarily undergoes de-addiction treatment at a recognised institution is immune from prosecution.

    Reason (R): Section 27 of the NDPS Act makes the consumption of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances an offence.

    1. ABoth (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
    2. BBoth (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
    3. C(A) is true but (R) is false
    4. D(A) is false but (R) is true
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

    Both statements are true. Section 64A grants immunity to an addict who volunteers for de-addiction (it can be withdrawn if the treatment is not completed); Section 27 makes consumption an offence. R only states the offence; the reason for the immunity is the Act's policy of treating addicts for rehabilitation, so R does not explain A.

    Source: Medha AI, based on the APPSC District Probation Officer Paper II (Social Work & Criminology) syllabus (12/2026)

  4. Q29 DPO Social Work & Criminology Mock 1, Q29

    Which of the following is NOT a principle of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)?

    1. ANatural surveillance
    2. BNatural access control
    3. CTerritorial reinforcement
    4. DDifferential association
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer D. Differential association

    CPTED's core principles are natural surveillance, natural access control, territorial reinforcement and maintenance (image). Differential association is Sutherland's learning theory of crime.

    Source: Medha AI, based on the APPSC District Probation Officer Paper II (Social Work & Criminology) syllabus (12/2026)

  5. Q30 DPO Social Work & Criminology Mock 1, Q33

    Which sociologist argued in 'Outsiders' (1963) that deviance is not a quality of the act itself but the result of others successfully applying rules and sanctions to an 'offender'?

    1. AAlbert K. Cohen
    2. BHoward S. Becker
    3. CTravis Hirschi
    4. DEdwin H. Sutherland
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. Howard S. Becker

    Howard Becker's Outsiders (1963) is the key text of labelling theory: a deviant is one to whom the label has been successfully applied.

    Source: Medha AI, based on the APPSC District Probation Officer Paper II (Social Work & Criminology) syllabus (12/2026)

  6. Q31 DPO Social Work & Criminology Mock 1, Q37

    Section 27 of the NDPS Act, 1985 provides punishment for

    1. Aillegal cultivation of the cannabis plant
    2. Bconsumption of any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance
    3. Cfinancing illicit traffic and harbouring offenders
    4. Dforfeiture of property derived from illicit traffic
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. consumption of any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance

    Section 27 punishes consumption: up to one year's rigorous imprisonment and/or fine for cocaine, morphine, heroin and other notified drugs, and up to six months and/or fine for other drugs.

    Source: Medha AI, based on the APPSC District Probation Officer Paper II (Social Work & Criminology) syllabus (12/2026)

2.1Criminology: meaning, scope, history and schoolsNotes

  1. Q32 DPO 2023 SW & Criminology, Q59

    Which school of criminology propounded the Theory of Free will?

    1. AClassical School
    2. BNeo Classical School
    3. CAnalytical School
    4. DSociological School
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer A. Classical School

    The classical school (Beccaria, Bentham) held that people act by free will and rational choice, so punishment should deter.

    Source: APPSC DPO 2023 SW & Criminology (Notification 11/2022), Q60, final key

  2. Q33 DPO Social Work & Criminology Mock 1, Q22

    Assertion (A): Beccaria opposed the death penalty and torture.

    Reason (R): Beccaria believed that the severity of a punishment deters crime more than its certainty.

    1. ABoth (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
    2. BBoth (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
    3. C(A) is true but (R) is false
    4. D(A) is false but (R) is true
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer C. (A) is true but (R) is false

    Beccaria opposed torture and capital punishment. He argued that the certainty and promptness of punishment deter far more than its severity, so R states the opposite of his view.

    Source: Medha AI, based on the APPSC District Probation Officer Paper II (Social Work & Criminology) syllabus (12/2026)

  3. Q34 DPO Social Work & Criminology Mock 1, Q26

    Assertion (A): The cartographic school explained crime mainly through the physical features of individual offenders.

    Reason (R): Guerry and Quetelet used official crime statistics to study how crime was distributed across regions.

    1. ABoth (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
    2. BBoth (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
    3. C(A) is true but (R) is false
    4. D(A) is false but (R) is true
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer D. (A) is false but (R) is true

    The cartographic school worked with aggregate social statistics, not with the bodies of individual offenders; that was Lombroso's method. R correctly describes their work.

    Source: Medha AI, based on the APPSC District Probation Officer Paper II (Social Work & Criminology) syllabus (12/2026)

  4. Q35 DPO Social Work & Criminology Mock 1, Q30

    Assertion (A): The classical school prescribed the same punishment for the same offence, whatever the offender's age or mental condition.

    Reason (R): Classical thinkers assumed that every person is a rational being with free will who weighs pleasure against pain.

    1. ABoth (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
    2. BBoth (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
    3. C(A) is true but (R) is false
    4. D(A) is false but (R) is true
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

    Because the classical school took every offender to be equally rational and free, it saw no need to vary punishment with the person; only the act mattered. The neo-classical school later corrected this for children and the insane.

    Source: Medha AI, based on the APPSC District Probation Officer Paper II (Social Work & Criminology) syllabus (12/2026)

  5. Q36 DPO Social Work & Criminology Mock 1, Q34

    The three Italian thinkers who founded the positive school of criminology, sometimes called its 'holy three', are:

    1. ABeccaria, Bentham and Romilly
    2. BLombroso, Ferri and Garofalo
    3. CQuetelet, Guerry and Tarde
    4. DDurkheim, Merton and Sutherland
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer B. Lombroso, Ferri and Garofalo

    Lombroso (biological), Ferri (sociological factors) and Garofalo (natural crime, dangerousness) together built the Italian positive school.

    Source: Medha AI, based on the APPSC District Probation Officer Paper II (Social Work & Criminology) syllabus (12/2026)

  6. Q37 DPO Social Work & Criminology Mock 1, Q38

    The 'hedonistic' or 'felicific calculus', by which a person is assumed to weigh the expected pleasure of an act against its pain before doing it, is associated with:

    1. ACesare Lombroso
    2. BEnrico Ferri
    3. CJeremy Bentham
    4. DEmile Durkheim
    Show answerHide answer

    Answer C. Jeremy Bentham

    Jeremy Bentham, the English utilitarian of the classical school, held that people seek pleasure and avoid pain, so punishment should be just enough to outweigh the pleasure of the offence.

    Source: Medha AI, based on the APPSC District Probation Officer Paper II (Social Work & Criminology) syllabus (12/2026)

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