APPSC Paper I · Study notes
Environment and ecology notes for APPSC Paper I
90 notes in 13 chapters. Open a chapter, or go straight to a note.
7.1.1 Ecology and ecosystems 8
- 7.1.1.1Ecology: levels of organisation, habitat and nicheRead here
- 7.1.1.2Ecosystem structure: biotic and abiotic componentsRead here
- 7.1.1.3Energy flow and productivity: food chains, food webs, trophic levels and decompositionRead here
- 7.1.1.4Ecological pyramids and the ten per cent lawRead here
- 7.1.1.5Ecological succession: primary, secondary and climaxRead here
- 7.1.1.6Population and community ecology: growth, interactions and keystone speciesRead here
- 7.1.1.7Terrestrial biomes: ecology and adaptationsRead here
- 7.1.1.8Aquatic ecosystems: freshwater, estuarine, mangrove and marineRead here
7.1.2 Biogeochemical cycles 4
7.1.3 Biodiversity and species 10
- 7.1.3.1Biodiversity: genetic, species and ecosystem levels; alpha, beta and gamma diversity
- 7.1.3.2Biodiversity hotspots: world and India
- 7.1.3.3India as a megadiverse country: biogeographic zones
- 7.1.3.4Threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, invasive alien species and extinction
- 7.1.3.5IUCN Red List: categories and criteria
- 7.1.3.6Threatened mammals of India
- 7.1.3.7Threatened birds of India
- 7.1.3.8Reptiles, amphibians, fish and marine species in news
- 7.1.3.9Threatened and endemic plants of India
- 7.1.3.10Conservation: in situ and ex situ methods, gene banks and seed vaults
7.1.4 Protected areas and wetlands 8
- 7.1.4.1Protected area network: national parks, sanctuaries, conservation and community reserves
- 7.1.4.2Biosphere reserves and UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere programme
- 7.1.4.3Project Tiger, tiger reserves and the NTCA
- 7.1.4.4Project Elephant and other species recovery programmes: rhino, crocodile, snow leopard, bustard and cheetah
- 7.1.4.5Wetlands: types, functions and the Wetlands Rules 2017
- 7.1.4.6Ramsar sites of India
- 7.1.4.7Natural World Heritage sites and eco-sensitive zones
- 7.1.4.8Human–wildlife conflict and community participation in conservation
7.2.1 Pollution and control 10
- 7.2.1.1Air pollution: pollutants, sources and health effects
- 7.2.1.2Air quality management: NAAQS, AQI and the National Clean Air Programme
- 7.2.1.3Smog, stubble burning, vehicular emissions and BS norms
- 7.2.1.4Acid rain and indoor air pollution
- 7.2.1.5Water pollution: sources, BOD, COD and eutrophication
- 7.2.1.6Groundwater contamination: arsenic, fluoride, nitrate and uranium
- 7.2.1.7River conservation: Namami Gange and the National River Conservation Plan
- 7.2.1.8Soil pollution, pesticides and biomagnification
- 7.2.1.9Noise pollution: standards and the Noise Rules 2000
- 7.2.1.10Marine, thermal and radioactive pollution: oil spills, dead zones and microplastics
7.2.2 Solid and hazardous waste management 7
- 7.2.2.1Solid waste: types, collection and treatment by composting, incineration and landfill
- 7.2.2.2Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
- 7.2.2.3Plastic pollution and the Plastic Waste Management Rules: single-use plastic ban
- 7.2.2.4E-waste: hazards and the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022
- 7.2.2.5Biomedical, hazardous, battery and construction and demolition waste rules
- 7.2.2.6Wastewater: sewage treatment, faecal sludge and reuse
- 7.2.2.7Circular economy and extended producer responsibility
7.3.1 Climate change science 6
- 7.3.1.1Greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases: sources and global warming potential
- 7.3.1.2Global warming: evidence and IPCC assessment findings
- 7.3.1.3Impacts of climate change on India: monsoon, glaciers, coasts and agriculture
- 7.3.1.4Ozone layer depletion: ozone hole and ozone-depleting substances
- 7.3.1.5Mitigation: carbon sequestration, carbon markets and India's Carbon Credit Trading Scheme
- 7.3.1.6Adaptation, black carbon and geoengineering
7.3.2 Climate and environmental treaties 12
- 7.3.2.1Stockholm 1972 to Rio 1992: evolution of global environmental governance
- 7.3.2.2UNFCCC: principles, CBDR and the COP process
- 7.3.2.3Kyoto Protocol: targets and CDM, joint implementation and emissions trading
- 7.3.2.4Paris Agreement: NDCs, Article 6 and India's updated NDC
- 7.3.2.5Recent COPs: key outcomes from COP26 onwards
- 7.3.2.6Climate finance and loss and damage: GCF, adaptation fund and REDD+
- 7.3.2.7Convention on Biological Diversity: Cartagena, Nagoya and the Kunming–Montreal framework
- 7.3.2.8CITES and wildlife trade
- 7.3.2.9Ramsar, CMS and UNCCD
- 7.3.2.10Montreal Protocol and the Kigali Amendment
- 7.3.2.11Chemical conventions: Basel, Rotterdam, Stockholm and Minamata
- 7.3.2.12Environmental organisations: UNEP, IPCC, GEF, IUCN, WWF and IPBES
7.3.3 India's climate policy 2
7.3.4 Environment laws and institutions 11
- 7.3.4.1Constitution and the courts: Articles 48A, 51A(g), 21 and landmark judgments
- 7.3.4.2Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972 and its 2022 amendment
- 7.3.4.3Forest (Conservation) Act 1980, its 2023 amendment and CAMPA
- 7.3.4.4Forest Rights Act 2006
- 7.3.4.5Environment (Protection) Act 1986
- 7.3.4.6Water Act 1974 and Air Act 1981
- 7.3.4.7Biological Diversity Act 2002 and its 2023 amendment
- 7.3.4.8Environmental Impact Assessment: EIA Notification 2006 and the clearance process
- 7.3.4.9Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 2019
- 7.3.4.10National Green Tribunal
- 7.3.4.11Environmental institutions: MoEFCC, CPCB, SPCBs, NBWL, WCCB and AWBI
7.4.1 Sustainable development 3
7.4.2 Bioremediation and green technologies 5
- 7.4.2.1Bioremediation: in situ and ex situ methods and phytoremediation
- 7.4.2.2Biofuels: generations and the ethanol blending programme
- 7.4.2.3Renewable energy and the environment: solar, wind and hydro trade-offs
- 7.4.2.4Green hydrogen, electric mobility and clean transport
- 7.4.2.5Green buildings and energy efficiency: GRIHA, LEED, ECBC and BEE star labelling
7.4.3 Agriculture and environment 4
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