District Probation Officer syllabus

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Practise Current Events 38 free questions with answers

1. 1.1 International Practise
2. 1.2 National Practise
3. 1.3 Andhra Pradesh Practise
4. 1.4 Sports, awards & persons Practise
5. 1.5 Science, environment & reports Practise

Practise General Science & Technology 21 free questions with answers

1. 2.1 Physics in everyday life 7 notes Practise
   1. 2.1.1 Units, motion, Newton's laws and gravitation
   2. 2.1.2 Work, energy, pressure and fluids: Pascal, Archimedes and Bernoulli
   3. 2.1.3 Heat: temperature scales, expansion and modes of heat transfer
   4. 2.1.4 Sound and waves: echo, ultrasound, Doppler effect and the electromagnetic spectrum
   5. 2.1.5 Light: reflection, refraction, lenses and defects of the eye
   6. 2.1.6 Dispersion and scattering: rainbow, blue sky and mirages
   7. 2.1.7 Electricity and magnetism: Ohm's law, household circuits, motors and transformers
2. 2.2 Chemistry in everyday life 4 notes Practise
   1. 2.2.1 Matter, atoms and the periodic table
   2. 2.2.2 Acids, bases, salts and pH: common chemicals at home
   3. 2.2.3 Metals, non-metals, alloys and corrosion
   4. 2.2.4 Carbon compounds: allotropes, polymers, plastics, soaps and detergents
3. 2.3 Living world, cell and genetics 5 notes Practise
   1. 2.3.1 Classification of living organisms and the world of microbes
   2. 2.3.2 Cell: structure, organelles and cell division
   3. 2.3.3 Biomolecules and enzymes: carbohydrates to nucleic acids
   4. 2.3.4 Mendel's laws and patterns of inheritance
   5. 2.3.5 DNA, chromosomes, sex determination and genetic disorders
4. 2.4 Human body systems 5 notes Practise
   1. 2.4.1 Digestive system: organs, enzymes and absorption
   2. 2.4.2 Respiration and excretion: lungs, kidneys and dialysis
   3. 2.4.3 Blood and circulation: heart, blood groups and blood pressure
   4. 2.4.4 Nervous system, brain and sense organs
   5. 2.4.5 Endocrine glands and hormones
5. 2.5 Nutrition, diseases and vaccines 5 notes Practise
   1. 2.5.1 Nutrition: vitamins, minerals, deficiency and lifestyle diseases
   2. 2.5.2 Communicable diseases: bacterial, viral, protozoan and fungal
   3. 2.5.3 Vector-borne and zoonotic diseases: malaria, dengue, kala-azar and Nipah
   4. 2.5.4 Immunity and vaccines: types, history, COVID-19 vaccines and the immunisation programme
   5. 2.5.5 Antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance and drug discovery
6. 2.6 Health schemes and institutions 3 notes Practise
   1. 2.6.1 National Health Mission and disease control programmes
   2. 2.6.2 Ayushman Bharat: PM-JAY, Arogya Mandirs and digital health (ABDM, eSanjeevani)
   3. 2.6.3 Health regulators and institutions: ICMR, CDSCO, FSSAI, NMC and AYUSH
7. 2.7 Space programme: organisation, rockets and satellites 4 notes Practise
   1. 2.7.1 Indian space programme: Sarabhai, INCOSPAR, ISRO and its centres
   2. 2.7.2 Rocket propulsion and launch vehicles: SLV to LVM3 and SSLV
   3. 2.7.3 Orbits: LEO, sun-synchronous, geostationary and Lagrange points
   4. 2.7.4 Space sector reform: Space Policy 2023, IN-SPACe, NSIL and private launchers
8. 2.8 Space missions 5 notes Practise
   1. 2.8.1 Chandrayaan-1, Chandrayaan-2 and Mangalyaan
   2. 2.8.2 Chandrayaan-3: Vikram, Pragyan, payloads and findings
   3. 2.8.3 Space observatories: AstroSat, Aditya-L1 and XPoSat
   4. 2.8.4 Human spaceflight: Rakesh Sharma to Gaganyaan, Axiom-4 and Bharatiya Antariksh Station
   5. 2.8.5 SpaDeX, reusable launch vehicle and future missions: Chandrayaan-4, LUPEX and NISAR
9. 2.9 Defence technology 7 notes Practise
   1. 2.9.1 DRDO, defence PSUs and indigenisation: corridors, iDEX and exports
   2. 2.9.2 Missile basics: ballistic, cruise, hypersonic and MIRV
   3. 2.9.3 IGMDP and strategic missiles: Prithvi, Agni and the K-series
   4. 2.9.4 BrahMos and cruise missiles: Nirbhay and exports
   5. 2.9.5 Air defence and anti-satellite: Akash, Astra, ballistic missile defence and Mission Shakti
   6. 2.9.6 Combat aircraft and helicopters: Tejas, Rafale, Prachand, Dhruv and AEW&C
   7. 2.9.7 Naval platforms: aircraft carriers, warships and submarines (Kalvari, Arihant)
10. 2.10 Nuclear technology 6 notes Practise
    1. 2.10.1 Radioactivity, fission and fusion: from chain reaction to ITER
    2. 2.10.2 Nuclear reactor: components, types and research reactors (Apsara, CIRUS, Dhruva)
    3. 2.10.3 Bhabha, DAE and the three-stage programme: PHWR, fast breeder and thorium
    4. 2.10.4 Atomic minerals and nuclear power stations of India
    5. 2.10.5 Pokhran tests and India's nuclear doctrine
    6. 2.10.6 Nuclear treaties, regulation and liability: NPT, CTBT, NSG, 123 Agreement, AERB, SHANTI Act and the Nuclear Energy Mission
11. 2.11 Biotechnology 7 notes Practise
    1. 2.11.1 Recombinant DNA technology: restriction enzymes, vectors and PCR
    2. 2.11.2 GM crops: Bt cotton, Bt brinjal, GM mustard and golden rice
    3. 2.11.3 Genome editing: CRISPR-Cas9 and genome-edited crops
    4. 2.11.4 Medical biotechnology: recombinant insulin, gene therapy and diagnostics (ELISA, PCR)
    5. 2.11.5 Cloning, transgenic animals and stem cells
    6. 2.11.6 Microbes in agriculture and industry: biofertilisers, biocontrol and fermentation
    7. 2.11.7 Biosafety and biotech policy: GEAC, Cartagena Protocol, Genome India and BioE3
12. 2.12 Computers, communication and Digital India 3 notes Practise
    1. 2.12.1 Computer and internet basics: hardware, software, WWW and protocols
    2. 2.12.2 Telecom: 1G to 5G, optical fibre, satellite internet, Li-Fi and BharatNet
    3. 2.12.3 Semiconductors and supercomputers: India Semiconductor Mission, PARAM and AIRAWAT
13. 2.13 Emerging technologies 6 notes Practise
    1. 2.13.1 Artificial intelligence: machine learning, generative AI and the IndiaAI Mission
    2. 2.13.2 Quantum technology: qubits and the National Quantum Mission
    3. 2.13.3 Blockchain, cryptocurrency and the digital rupee
    4. 2.13.4 Cloud computing, IoT, big data and AR/VR
    5. 2.13.5 Nanotechnology: properties, applications and the Nano Mission
    6. 2.13.6 Robotics, drones and 3D printing
14. 2.14 Cyber security and cyber laws 3 notes Practise
    1. 2.14.1 Cyber threats and defences: malware, ransomware, DDoS, firewalls and two-factor authentication
    2. 2.14.2 Cyber frauds: phishing, vishing, SIM swap, deepfakes and 'digital arrest'
    3. 2.14.3 Cyber laws and institutions: IT Act 2000, DPDP Act 2023, CERT-In, NCIIPC and I4C
15. 2.15 Energy: conventional and renewable 7 notes Practise
    1. 2.15.1 Coal and lignite: types, coalfields and thermal power
    2. 2.15.2 Petroleum and natural gas: oil fields, refining, pipelines, LPG and CNG
    3. 2.15.3 Hydro, wind, tidal and geothermal energy
    4. 2.15.4 Solar energy: photovoltaics, solar parks, National Solar Mission and PM-Surya Ghar
    5. 2.15.5 Bioenergy: biogas, biofuels, ethanol blending and GOBARdhan
    6. 2.15.6 Green hydrogen, fuel cells and energy storage
    7. 2.15.7 Energy transition: India's energy mix, efficiency schemes, electric vehicles, ISA and 2030 and 2070 targets
16. 2.16 Intellectual property rights 3 notes Practise
    1. 2.16.1 Patents: Patents Act 1970, TRIPS, compulsory licensing and evergreening
    2. 2.16.2 Copyright, trademarks, designs and geographical indications
    3. 2.16.3 Traditional knowledge and biopiracy: TKDL, plant variety protection and the neem, turmeric and Basmati cases

Practise History of India & AP 37 free questions with answers

1. 3.1 Ancient India 16 chapters
2. 3.1.1 Prehistoric India 4 notes Practise
   1. 3.1.1.1 Sources of ancient Indian history: literary, archaeological and foreign
   2. 3.1.1.2 Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ages: tools, sites and Bhimbetka rock art
   3. 3.1.1.3 Neolithic age: first farmers – Mehrgarh, Burzahom and Chirand
   4. 3.1.1.4 Chalcolithic cultures and megalithic burials
3. 3.1.2 Indus Valley Civilisation 6 notes Practise
   1. 3.1.2.1 Harappan civilisation: discovery, extent and chronology
   2. 3.1.2.2 Major Harappan sites and what each is known for
   3. 3.1.2.3 Harappan town planning and drainage
   4. 3.1.2.4 Harappan economy: agriculture, crafts and trade with Mesopotamia
   5. 3.1.2.5 Harappan religion, society, seals and script
   6. 3.1.2.6 Decline of the Harappan civilisation: theories
4. 3.1.3 Vedic age 7 notes Practise
   1. 3.1.3.1 Early Vedic age: the Aryan debate, Rig Vedic geography and tribes
   2. 3.1.3.2 Rig Vedic polity: rajan, sabha, samiti and vidatha
   3. 3.1.3.3 Rig Vedic society, economy and religion
   4. 3.1.3.4 Later Vedic polity and economy: kingdoms, iron and agriculture
   5. 3.1.3.5 Later Vedic society and religion: varna, ashramas and sacrifices
   6. 3.1.3.6 Vedic literature: Samhitas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads and Vedangas
   7. 3.1.3.7 Six schools of Indian philosophy
5. 3.1.4 Mahajanapadas and the rise of Magadha 4 notes Practise
   1. 3.1.4.1 Sixteen Mahajanapadas and the gana-sanghas
   2. 3.1.4.2 Rise of Magadha: Haryankas and Shishunagas
   3. 3.1.4.3 Nandas and the Persian and Macedonian invasions
   4. 3.1.4.4 Second urbanisation: cities, punch-marked coins and guilds
6. 3.1.5 Buddhism, Jainism and heterodox sects 7 notes Practise
   1. 3.1.5.1 Heterodox sects of the sixth century BCE: Ajivikas, Charvakas and others
   2. 3.1.5.2 Jainism: Mahavira, the tirthankaras and core doctrines
   3. 3.1.5.3 Jain councils, the Svetambara–Digambara split and spread
   4. 3.1.5.4 Gautama Buddha: life and the four great events
   5. 3.1.5.5 Buddhist teachings: Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path and the Middle Way
   6. 3.1.5.6 Buddhist councils, the Tripitakas and the Hinayana–Mahayana split
   7. 3.1.5.7 Spread, contribution and decline of Buddhism and Jainism
7. 3.1.6 Mauryan empire 7 notes Practise
   1. 3.1.6.1 Sources for Mauryan history: Arthashastra, Indica and inscriptions
   2. 3.1.6.2 Chandragupta Maurya and Bindusara
   3. 3.1.6.3 Ashoka: Kalinga war and the policy of dhamma
   4. 3.1.6.4 Ashokan inscriptions: rock edicts, pillar edicts and sites
   5. 3.1.6.5 Mauryan administration and economy
   6. 3.1.6.6 Mauryan art: pillars, stupas and the Barabar caves
   7. 3.1.6.7 Later Mauryas and the decline of the empire
8. 3.1.7 Post-Mauryan period 7 notes Practise
   1. 3.1.7.1 Sungas, Kanvas and Kharavela of Kalinga
   2. 3.1.7.2 Indo-Greeks: Demetrius, Menander and their coinage
   3. 3.1.7.3 Sakas and Parthians: Rudradaman and the Junagadh inscription
   4. 3.1.7.4 Kushanas: Kanishka, the Saka era and the Fourth Buddhist Council
   5. 3.1.7.5 Satavahanas in the Deccan: an all-India overview
   6. 3.1.7.6 Post-Mauryan economy: Indo-Roman trade, guilds and coinage
   7. 3.1.7.7 Gandhara, Mathura and Amaravati schools of sculpture
9. 3.1.8 Sangam age 3 notes Practise
   1. 3.1.8.1 Sangam literature and the Tamil epics
   2. 3.1.8.2 Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas of the Sangam age
   3. 3.1.8.3 Sangam polity, society and economy
10. 3.1.9 Gupta age 6 notes Practise
    1. 3.1.9.1 Rise of the Guptas and Samudragupta: the Allahabad pillar inscription
    2. 3.1.9.2 Chandragupta II: Saka conquest, the Navaratnas and Fa-Hien
    3. 3.1.9.3 Later Guptas: Kumaragupta, Skandagupta and the Huns
    4. 3.1.9.4 Gupta administration and land grants
    5. 3.1.9.5 Gupta society, economy and religion
    6. 3.1.9.6 Vakatakas: the Gupta alliance and Ajanta
11. 3.1.10 Post-Gupta India and Harsha 3 notes Practise
    1. 3.1.10.1 Post-Gupta kingdoms: Maitrakas, Maukharis, Later Guptas and Gauda
    2. 3.1.10.2 Harshavardhana: conquests, administration and the Kanauj and Prayag assemblies
    3. 3.1.10.3 Harsha's religion, literary works and Hiuen Tsang's account
12. 3.1.11 Southern kingdoms c. 300–750 CE 5 notes Practise
    1. 3.1.11.1 Pallavas of Kanchi: origin and major rulers
    2. 3.1.11.2 Chalukyas of Badami: Pulakesin II and the Aihole inscription
    3. 3.1.11.3 Pallava–Chalukya wars: Mahendravarman I to Vikramaditya II
    4. 3.1.11.4 Early Pandyas, Kalabhras, Kadambas and Western Gangas
    5. 3.1.11.5 Alvars and Nayanars: early Bhakti in the Tamil country
13. 3.1.12 Ancient art and architecture 5 notes Practise
    1. 3.1.12.1 Stupas: Sanchi, Bharhut and the parts of a stupa
    2. 3.1.12.2 Rock-cut caves: Barabar to Ajanta, Ellora and Elephanta
    3. 3.1.12.3 Ajanta and Bagh paintings
    4. 3.1.12.4 Temple architecture: Gupta beginnings and the Nagara, Dravida and Vesara styles
    5. 3.1.12.5 Pallava and Chalukya monuments: Mahabalipuram, Kanchi, Aihole, Badami and Pattadakal
14. 3.1.13 Ancient literature 6 notes Practise
    1. 3.1.13.1 Epics and Puranas: Ramayana, Mahabharata and the eighteen Puranas
    2. 3.1.13.2 Dharmashastras and Smritis: Manu to Narada
    3. 3.1.13.3 Buddhist and Jain canonical literature: Pali and Prakrit texts
    4. 3.1.13.4 Grammar and technical treatises: Panini, Arthashastra, Natyashastra and Kamasutra
    5. 3.1.13.5 Kalidasa: works and themes
    6. 3.1.13.6 Classical Sanskrit literature beyond Kalidasa: Bhasa to Bana
15. 3.1.14 Science and learning 4 notes Practise
    1. 3.1.14.1 Ancient mathematics: zero, decimal place value, Aryabhata and Brahmagupta
    2. 3.1.14.2 Ancient astronomy: Aryabhatiya, Varahamihira and the Siddhantas
    3. 3.1.14.3 Medicine, metallurgy and chemistry: Charaka, Sushruta and the Mehrauli pillar
    4. 3.1.14.4 Ancient centres of learning: Takshashila, Nalanda, Vallabhi and Vikramashila
16. 3.1.15 Society, economy and foreign accounts 6 notes Practise
    1. 3.1.15.1 Varna and jati in ancient India: evolution and untouchability
    2. 3.1.15.2 Position of women in ancient India
    3. 3.1.15.3 Land grants, agraharas and the Indian feudalism debate
    4. 3.1.15.4 Ancient Indian eras: Vikrama, Saka, Gupta and Harsha
    5. 3.1.15.5 Indian culture in Central and Southeast Asia
    6. 3.1.15.6 Foreign accounts of ancient India: Greek, Roman and Chinese writers
17. 3.1.16 Cholas and the Deccan powers 4 notes Practise
    1. 3.1.16.1 Imperial Cholas: Vijayalaya to Kulottunga I
    2. 3.1.16.2 Chola administration and the Uttaramerur village assemblies
    3. 3.1.16.3 Chola art: the Brihadeeswara temple and bronzes
    4. 3.1.16.4 Chalukyas of Kalyani, Hoysalas, Yadavas and the later Pandyas
18. 3.2 Medieval India 13 chapters
19. 3.2.1 Tripartite struggle and the Rajputs 4 notes Practise
    1. 3.2.1.1 Tripartite struggle for Kanauj: Palas, Pratiharas and Rashtrakutas
    2. 3.2.1.2 Palas and Rashtrakutas: rulers, Vikramashila and the Kailasa temple
    3. 3.2.1.3 Origin of the Rajputs and the major Rajput dynasties
    4. 3.2.1.4 Polity and society c. 750-1200: samantas, land grants and caste proliferation
20. 3.2.2 Arab and Turkish invasions 3 notes Practise
    1. 3.2.2.1 Arab conquest of Sindh: Muhammad bin Qasim
    2. 3.2.2.2 Mahmud of Ghazni: raids and Alberuni's Kitab-ul-Hind
    3. 3.2.2.3 Muhammad Ghori: Tarain, Chandawar and the causes of Turkish success
21. 3.2.3 Delhi Sultanate: dynasties 7 notes Practise
    1. 3.2.3.1 Mamluk dynasty: Qutbuddin Aibak and Iltutmish
    2. 3.2.3.2 Razia Sultan, the Chahalgani and Balban's theory of kingship
    3. 3.2.3.3 Khaljis: Alauddin's conquests and the Mongol threat
    4. 3.2.3.4 Alauddin Khalji's market control and revenue reforms
    5. 3.2.3.5 Ghiyasuddin and Muhammad bin Tughlaq: the experiments
    6. 3.2.3.6 Firoz Shah Tughlaq and Timur's invasion
    7. 3.2.3.7 Sayyids and Lodis: Khizr Khan to Ibrahim Lodi
22. 3.2.4 Sultanate administration, economy and culture 4 notes Practise
    1. 3.2.4.1 Sultanate administration: central offices, iqta and provinces
    2. 3.2.4.2 Sultanate economy: agrarian taxes, trade and towns
    3. 3.2.4.3 Indo-Islamic architecture under the Sultanate
    4. 3.2.4.4 Sultanate literature: Amir Khusrau, Barani and the Persian chronicles
23. 3.2.5 Vijayanagara and Bahmani 8 notes Practise
    1. 3.2.5.1 Founding of Vijayanagara: Harihara, Bukka and the Sangamas
    2. 3.2.5.2 Saluvas and Tuluvas: the reign of Krishnadevaraya
    3. 3.2.5.3 Battle of Talikota 1565 and the Aravidu dynasty
    4. 3.2.5.4 Vijayanagara administration: nayankara and ayagar systems
    5. 3.2.5.5 Vijayanagara economy, society and foreign visitors
    6. 3.2.5.6 Vijayanagara architecture: Hampi and the Raya gopuram
    7. 3.2.5.7 Bahmani kingdom: founding, Mahmud Gawan and break-up
    8. 3.2.5.8 Deccan Sultanates: Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, Golconda, Berar and Bidar
24. 3.2.6 Regional kingdoms 3 notes Practise
    1. 3.2.6.1 Provincial sultanates: Bengal, Jaunpur, Gujarat, Malwa and Kashmir
    2. 3.2.6.2 Mewar and the Rajputs: Rana Kumbha to Rana Pratap
    3. 3.2.6.3 Eastern India: Eastern Gangas, Gajapatis, Kamarupa and the Ahoms
25. 3.2.7 Bhakti and Sufi movements 8 notes Practise
    1. 3.2.7.1 Bhakti movement: origins and features
    2. 3.2.7.2 Vedanta acharyas: Shankara, Ramanuja, Madhva and Nimbarka
    3. 3.2.7.3 Nirguna saints: Kabir, Ravidas and Dadu
    4. 3.2.7.4 Saguna Bhakti: Ramananda, Vallabha, Surdas, Tulsidas, Chaitanya and Mirabai
    5. 3.2.7.5 Bhakti in Maharashtra: Jnaneshwar, Namdev, Eknath and Tukaram
    6. 3.2.7.6 Veerashaivism: Basavanna and the Lingayat movement
    7. 3.2.7.7 Sufism: concepts, practices and the silsilas
    8. 3.2.7.8 Chishti and Suhrawardi orders in India
26. 3.2.8 Sikh Gurus 2 notes Practise
    1. 3.2.8.1 Guru Nanak and the early Sikh Gurus
    2. 3.2.8.2 Guru Arjan to Guru Gobind Singh: the Khalsa and Banda Bahadur
27. 3.2.9 Mughal empire: rulers 8 notes Practise
    1. 3.2.9.1 Babur: Panipat 1526, Khanwa and Ghaghra
    2. 3.2.9.2 Humayun: struggles, exile and return
    3. 3.2.9.3 Sher Shah Suri and the Sur administration
    4. 3.2.9.4 Akbar: conquests and Rajput policy
    5. 3.2.9.5 Akbar's religious policy: Ibadat Khana, Mahzar and Din-i-Ilahi
    6. 3.2.9.6 Jahangir and Shah Jahan: Nur Jahan to the war of succession
    7. 3.2.9.7 Aurangzeb: Deccan policy and religious policy
    8. 3.2.9.8 Revolts under Aurangzeb: Jats, Satnamis, Sikhs and Rajputs
28. 3.2.10 Mughal administration, economy and culture 6 notes Practise
    1. 3.2.10.1 Mughal central and provincial administration
    2. 3.2.10.2 Mansabdari system: zat and sawar
    3. 3.2.10.3 Mughal land revenue: zabti, dahsala and the jagirdari system
    4. 3.2.10.4 Mughal economy: agriculture, trade and towns
    5. 3.2.10.5 Mughal architecture: Humayun's tomb to the Taj Mahal
    6. 3.2.10.6 Mughal painting, music and literature
29. 3.2.11 Marathas 5 notes Practise
    1. 3.2.11.1 Rise of the Marathas and Shivaji's conquests
    2. 3.2.11.2 Shivaji's administration: Ashtapradhan, chauth and sardeshmukhi
    3. 3.2.11.3 Shivaji's successors and the rise of the Peshwas
    4. 3.2.11.4 Baji Rao I to the Third Battle of Panipat 1761
    5. 3.2.11.5 Maratha confederacy and Peshwa administration
30. 3.2.12 Later Mughals and successor states 4 notes Practise
    1. 3.2.12.1 Later Mughals, the Sayyid brothers and the invasions of Nadir Shah and Abdali
    2. 3.2.12.2 Successor states: Hyderabad, Awadh and Bengal
    3. 3.2.12.3 Rajputs, Jats and Rohillas in the eighteenth century
    4. 3.2.12.4 Decline of the Mughal empire: the historians' debate
31. 3.2.13 Medieval travellers and culture 4 notes Practise
    1. 3.2.13.1 Travellers to medieval India: Marco Polo, Ibn Battuta, Abdur Razzaq, Conti, Paes and Nuniz
    2. 3.2.13.2 European travellers to Mughal India: Hawkins, Roe, Tavernier, Bernier and Manucci
    3. 3.2.13.3 Regional languages and literature in medieval India
    4. 3.2.13.4 Medieval technology and music: the Persian wheel, paper, Hindustani and Carnatic music
32. 3.3 British rule & reform movements 9 chapters
33. 3.3.1 Advent of the Europeans 4 notes Practise
    1. 3.3.1.1 Portuguese in India: Vasco da Gama to Albuquerque
    2. 3.3.1.2 Dutch, Danish and French East India Companies
    3. 3.3.1.3 English East India Company: early factories and farmans
    4. 3.3.1.4 Anglo-French rivalry: the three Carnatic wars
34. 3.3.2 British conquest and expansion 8 notes Practise
    1. 3.3.2.1 Bengal Nawabs and the Battle of Plassey 1757
    2. 3.3.2.2 Battle of Buxar and the Treaty of Allahabad 1765
    3. 3.3.2.3 Dual government in Bengal and its consequences
    4. 3.3.2.4 Anglo-Mysore wars: Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan
    5. 3.3.2.5 Anglo-Maratha wars
    6. 3.3.2.6 Ranjit Singh and the Anglo-Sikh wars
    7. 3.3.2.7 Subsidiary Alliance and the Doctrine of Lapse
    8. 3.3.2.8 Frontier wars: Anglo-Burmese, Anglo-Afghan and the annexation of Sindh
35. 3.3.3 Governors-General and Viceroys 8 notes Practise
    1. 3.3.3.1 Warren Hastings and Cornwallis
    2. 3.3.3.2 Wellesley, Minto I and Lord Hastings: paramountcy established
    3. 3.3.3.3 William Bentinck: reforms of the first Governor-General of India
    4. 3.3.3.4 Dalhousie: annexations and modernisation
    5. 3.3.3.5 Viceroys 1858–1884: Canning to Ripon
    6. 3.3.3.6 Viceroys 1884–1905: Dufferin to Curzon
    7. 3.3.3.7 Viceroys 1905–1947: Minto II to Mountbatten
    8. 3.3.3.8 Constitutional reforms 1858–1947: the politics behind each step
36. 3.3.4 British administration 6 notes Practise
    1. 3.3.4.1 Civil services under the Company and the Crown
    2. 3.3.4.2 Army and police under British rule
    3. 3.3.4.3 Judicial system: Company adalats to the High Courts and Federal Court
    4. 3.3.4.4 Local self-government: Mayo's resolution to Ripon's reforms
    5. 3.3.4.5 British policy towards princely states: paramountcy to the Butler Committee
    6. 3.3.4.6 Social legislation under British rule: sati, widow remarriage and age of consent
37. 3.3.5 Land revenue and economic impact 8 notes Practise
    1. 3.3.5.1 Permanent Settlement 1793: zamindars and its effects
    2. 3.3.5.2 Ryotwari system: Read, Munro and the Madras and Bombay presidencies
    3. 3.3.5.3 Mahalwari system and the North-Western Provinces
    4. 3.3.5.4 Commercialisation of agriculture and famines
    5. 3.3.5.5 Deindustrialisation and the decline of handicrafts
    6. 3.3.5.6 Drain of wealth: Naoroji, R.C. Dutt and the economic critique
    7. 3.3.5.7 Railways, telegraph and irrigation under British rule
    8. 3.3.5.8 Rise of modern industry and the Indian capitalist class
38. 3.3.6 Education and press 5 notes Practise
    1. 3.3.6.1 Orientalist-Anglicist controversy and Macaulay's Minute 1835
    2. 3.3.6.2 Wood's Despatch 1854 and the Hunter Commission 1882
    3. 3.3.6.3 Education from Curzon to Sargent: Universities Act 1904 to the Wardha scheme
    4. 3.3.6.4 Indian press: early newspapers to the nationalist papers
    5. 3.3.6.5 Press laws: Licensing Regulations to the Vernacular Press Act and after
39. 3.3.7 Civil, tribal and peasant revolts 6 notes Practise
    1. 3.3.7.1 Civil rebellions of the Company era: Sanyasi–Fakir, Poligar, Velu Thampi and Paika
    2. 3.3.7.2 Tribal revolts before 1857: Kol, Santhal, Bhil and Khond
    3. 3.3.7.3 Tribal movements after 1857: Birsa Munda's ulgulan, Tana Bhagat and others
    4. 3.3.7.4 Religious-political resistance: Wahabi, Faraizi and Kuka movements
    5. 3.3.7.5 Peasant movements 1857–1918: Indigo revolt, Pabna and the Deccan riots
    6. 3.3.7.6 Peasant movements 1918–1947: Kisan Sabhas, Moplah, Bardoli, Tebhaga and Telangana
40. 3.3.8 Revolt of 1857 4 notes Practise
    1. 3.3.8.1 Causes of the Revolt of 1857
    2. 3.3.8.2 Course of the Revolt: centres, leaders and British commanders
    3. 3.3.8.3 Nature of the Revolt of 1857: historians' views
    4. 3.3.8.4 Failure and aftermath of the Revolt: the Queen's Proclamation and new policies
41. 3.3.9 Socio-religious reform movements 13 notes Practise
    1. 3.3.9.1 Raja Rammohan Roy and the Brahmo Samaj
    2. 3.3.9.2 Brahmo Samaj after Rammohan: Debendranath Tagore and Keshab Chandra Sen
    3. 3.3.9.3 Young Bengal movement and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
    4. 3.3.9.4 Prarthana Samaj, Ranade and reform in western India
    5. 3.3.9.5 Jyotiba Phule and the Satyashodhak Samaj
    6. 3.3.9.6 Arya Samaj: Dayananda Saraswati and the Shuddhi movement
    7. 3.3.9.7 Ramakrishna Mission and Swami Vivekananda
    8. 3.3.9.8 Theosophical Society and Annie Besant
    9. 3.3.9.9 Muslim reform movements: Aligarh, Deoband and Ahmadiyya
    10. 3.3.9.10 Sikh and Parsi reform: Singh Sabha, the Akali movement and Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha
    11. 3.3.9.11 Caste movements in the south: Sree Narayana Guru, Ayyankali and Periyar
    12. 3.3.9.12 B.R. Ambedkar and the Depressed Classes movement
    13. 3.3.9.13 Women's question and organisations: Pandita Ramabai to the All India Women's Conference
42. 3.4 Indian National Movement 6 chapters
43. 3.4.1 Rise of nationalism and the early Congress 6 notes Practise
    1. 3.4.1.1 Causes of the rise of Indian nationalism
    2. 3.4.1.2 Pre-Congress associations: Landholders' Society to the Indian Association
    3. 3.4.1.3 Founding of the Indian National Congress 1885 and the safety-valve debate
    4. 3.4.1.4 Moderates: leaders, methods and achievements
    5. 3.4.1.5 Congress sessions 1885–1947: venues and presidents
    6. 3.4.1.6 Rise of the Extremists: Lal, Bal, Pal and Aurobindo
44. 3.4.2 Swadeshi to Home Rule 1905–1919 9 notes Practise
    1. 3.4.2.1 Partition of Bengal 1905
    2. 3.4.2.2 Swadeshi and Boycott movement
    3. 3.4.2.3 Surat split 1907
    4. 3.4.2.4 Muslim League 1906 and separate electorates
    5. 3.4.2.5 Revolutionary nationalism, first phase: Bengal, Maharashtra and abroad
    6. 3.4.2.6 Ghadar movement and revolutionaries in the First World War
    7. 3.4.2.7 Home Rule leagues: Tilak and Annie Besant
    8. 3.4.2.8 Lucknow Pact 1916: Congress reunion and Congress–League unity
    9. 3.4.2.9 August Declaration 1917 and the reception of the Montford reforms
45. 3.4.3 Gandhi and the mass movements 1917–1922 5 notes Practise
    1. 3.4.3.1 Gandhi in South Africa and the early satyagrahas: Champaran, Kheda and Ahmedabad
    2. 3.4.3.2 Rowlatt satyagraha and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre
    3. 3.4.3.3 Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement
    4. 3.4.3.4 Chauri Chaura, the withdrawal and the Swarajist–No-changer debate
    5. 3.4.3.5 Gandhian ideas: satyagraha, ahimsa and the constructive programme
46. 3.4.4 Towards Purna Swaraj 1923–1939 8 notes Practise
    1. 3.4.4.1 Revolutionary nationalism, second phase: HSRA, Bhagat Singh and Chittagong
    2. 3.4.4.2 Simon Commission and the Nehru Report
    3. 3.4.4.3 Lahore Congress 1929 and Purna Swaraj
    4. 3.4.4.4 Civil Disobedience: the Dandi march and salt satyagraha
    5. 3.4.4.5 Round Table Conferences and the Gandhi–Irwin Pact
    6. 3.4.4.6 Communal Award and the Poona Pact 1932
    7. 3.4.4.7 Elections of 1937 and the Congress ministries
    8. 3.4.4.8 Rise of the left: socialists, communists, trade unions and the Tripuri crisis
47. 3.4.5 Freedom and partition 1939–1947 10 notes Practise
    1. 3.4.5.1 Communal politics: Hindu Mahasabha, the two-nation theory and the Lahore Resolution 1940
    2. 3.4.5.2 Second World War: the August Offer and individual satyagraha
    3. 3.4.5.3 Cripps Mission 1942
    4. 3.4.5.4 Quit India movement 1942
    5. 3.4.5.5 Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army
    6. 3.4.5.6 Post-war upsurge: INA trials and the RIN mutiny
    7. 3.4.5.7 Wavell Plan and the Simla Conference 1945
    8. 3.4.5.8 Cabinet Mission 1946 and Direct Action Day
    9. 3.4.5.9 Mountbatten Plan and the partition of India
    10. 3.4.5.10 States' people's movements and the princely states before 1947
48. 3.4.6 Post-independence consolidation 9 notes Practise
    1. 3.4.6.1 Partition aftermath: refugees, rehabilitation and Gandhi's assassination
    2. 3.4.6.2 Integration of princely states: Patel, V.P. Menon and the Instrument of Accession
    3. 3.4.6.3 Junagadh, Hyderabad and Kashmir
    4. 3.4.6.4 French and Portuguese enclaves: Pondicherry and Goa
    5. 3.4.6.5 Language politics after 1947: linguistic states and the official language agitation
    6. 3.4.6.6 Nehru era: planning, non-alignment and nation-building
    7. 3.4.6.7 Wars of 1947-48, 1962, 1965 and 1971
    8. 3.4.6.8 Emergency 1975-77 and the Janata government
    9. 3.4.6.9 Movements after 1947: Naxalbari, the JP movement, Assam and Punjab
49. 3.5 Andhra history & culture 14 chapters
50. 3.5.1 Prehistory and early Andhra 2 notes Practise
    1. 3.5.1.1 Prehistoric Andhra: Stone Age sites, rock art and megaliths
    2. 3.5.1.2 Andhras in early sources: Aitareya Brahmana, Ashokan edicts and Bhattiprolu
51. 3.5.2 Satavahanas 5 notes Practise
    1. 3.5.2.1 Satavahana origins and early rulers: Simuka to Hala
    2. 3.5.2.2 Gautamiputra Satakarni to Yajnasri: inscriptions and wars with the Sakas
    3. 3.5.2.3 Satavahana administration
    4. 3.5.2.4 Satavahana economy: guilds, coins, ports and Roman trade
    5. 3.5.2.5 Satavahana society, religion and literature
52. 3.5.3 Buddhism and Jainism in Andhra 3 notes Practise
    1. 3.5.3.1 Buddhism and Jainism in Andhra: spread and major sites
    2. 3.5.3.2 Amaravati stupa and the Amaravati school of art
    3. 3.5.3.3 Nagarjunakonda: Vijayapuri, excavations and monuments
53. 3.5.4 Ikshvakus, Vishnukundins and Pallavas 4 notes Practise
    1. 3.5.4.1 Ikshvakus of Vijayapuri: rulers, queens and inscriptions
    2. 3.5.4.2 Brihatphalayanas, Anandagotrikas and Salankayanas
    3. 3.5.4.3 Vishnukundins: rulers, ghatikas and the Undavalli caves
    4. 3.5.4.4 Pallavas in the Krishna valley and their Andhra charters
54. 3.5.5 Eastern Chalukyas and Chalukya-Cholas 6 notes Practise
    1. 3.5.5.1 Kubja Vishnuvardhana to Gunaga Vijayaditya: founding of Vengi and the Rashtrakuta wars
    2. 3.5.5.2 Chalukya Bhima I to Danarnava: civil wars and the Jata Choda Bhima interlude
    3. 3.5.5.3 Vimaladitya, Rajaraja Narendra and the Chola alliance
    4. 3.5.5.4 Kulottunga I and the Chalukya-Chola union
    5. 3.5.5.5 Eastern Chalukya administration, economy and religion
    6. 3.5.5.6 Feudatories of Vengi: Vemulavada Chalukyas, Velanati Chodas, Haihayas and the Palnadu war
55. 3.5.6 Kakatiyas 7 notes Practise
    1. 3.5.6.1 Rise of the Kakatiyas: Beta I to Mahadeva
    2. 3.5.6.2 Ganapatideva: expansion, Motupalli and Muttukur
    3. 3.5.6.3 Rudrama Devi: reign, rivals and Marco Polo's account
    4. 3.5.6.4 Prataparudra and the fall of Warangal 1323
    5. 3.5.6.5 Kakatiya administration and economy: nayankara, tanks and trade
    6. 3.5.6.6 Kakatiya religion, society and literature
    7. 3.5.6.7 Kakatiya architecture: Thousand Pillar temple, Ramappa and the Kala Thoranam
56. 3.5.7 Musunuri Nayaks and the Reddi kingdoms 3 notes Practise
    1. 3.5.7.1 Musunuri Nayaks and the Recherla Padmanayakas
    2. 3.5.7.2 Reddi kingdoms of Addanki, Kondavidu and Rajahmundry
    3. 3.5.7.3 Reddi administration, trade and court culture
57. 3.5.8 Vijayanagara in Andhra 4 notes Practise
    1. 3.5.8.1 Vijayanagara and Andhra: Sangamas, Saluvas and the Gajapatis
    2. 3.5.8.2 Krishnadevaraya and Andhra: the eastern campaigns from Udayagiri to Kondavidu
    3. 3.5.8.3 Aravidu dynasty: Penukonda, Chandragiri and the Andhra Nayaks
    4. 3.5.8.4 Vijayanagara administration and economy in Andhra
58. 3.5.9 Temples and architecture of Andhra 2 notes Practise
    1. 3.5.9.1 Early Andhra temples: Eastern Chalukya shrines, the Pancharamas and the Trilingas
    2. 3.5.9.2 Vijayanagara-era temples and pilgrim centres: Lepakshi, Tadipatri, Tirumala, Srisailam and Ahobilam
59. 3.5.10 Qutb Shahis of Golconda 3 notes Practise
    1. 3.5.10.1 Sultan Quli to Muhammad Quli: rise of Golconda and the founding of Hyderabad
    2. 3.5.10.2 Later Qutb Shahis: Abdullah, Tana Shah, Akkanna–Madanna and the fall of Golconda 1687
    3. 3.5.10.3 Qutb Shahi administration, diamond trade and monuments
60. 3.5.11 Asaf Jahis of Hyderabad 3 notes Practise
    1. 3.5.11.1 Asaf Jah I and Nizam Ali Khan: the Subsidiary Alliance and the Ceded Districts
    2. 3.5.11.2 Salar Jung reforms to Mir Osman Ali Khan: modern Hyderabad
    3. 3.5.11.3 Nizam's Hyderabad: jagirs, sarf-e-khas, vetti and society
61. 3.5.12 Telugu language and classical literature 9 notes Practise
    1. 3.5.12.1 Origin of Telugu: early inscriptions, Trilinga and classical language status
    2. 3.5.12.2 Nannaya and the beginning of the Andhra Mahabharatam
    3. 3.5.12.3 Tikkana and Errana: completing the Kavitrayam Mahabharata
    4. 3.5.12.4 Kakatiya-age literature: Saiva poets, Ketana, Marana and the Ranganatha Ramayanam
    5. 3.5.12.5 Srinatha and Potana
    6. 3.5.12.6 Prabandha age: Krishnadevaraya and the Ashtadiggajas
    7. 3.5.12.7 Women writers of medieval Andhra: Gangadevi to Molla and Muddupalani
    8. 3.5.12.8 Saint poets and satakas: Annamacharya, Vemana and Ramadasu
    9. 3.5.12.9 Qutb Shahi and southern-school literature: Telaganarya, Yakshagana and the Nayak courts
62. 3.5.13 Modern Telugu literature 5 notes Practise
    1. 3.5.13.1 Grammar and lexicography: Andhra Shabda Chintamani to C.P. Brown
    2. 3.5.13.2 Beginnings of modern Telugu literature: Veeresalingam, Gurajada and the first novels and plays
    3. 3.5.13.3 Telugu poetry movements: Bhava kavitvam to progressive, Digambara and Dalit poetry
    4. 3.5.13.4 Telugu novel and short story: Malapalli to Veyipadagalu and after
    5. 3.5.13.5 Telugu literary awards and titles: Jnanpith, Sahitya Akademi and poets' titles
63. 3.5.14 Performing arts, crafts and festivals 3 notes Practise
    1. 3.5.14.1 Kuchipudi and the performing arts of Andhra: Burrakatha, Tholu Bommalata and folk forms
    2. 3.5.14.2 Telugu in Carnatic music: Kshetrayya, Tyagaraja and later composers
    3. 3.5.14.3 Crafts and festivals of Andhra: Kalamkari, Kondapalli, Etikoppaka, Sankranti and Gangamma jatara
64. 3.6 Andhra in the freedom movement & state formation 8 chapters
65. 3.6.1 European companies in Andhra 4 notes Practise
    1. 3.6.1.1 Portuguese, Dutch and French settlements on the Andhra coast
    2. 3.6.1.2 English trade in Andhra: Masulipatnam 1611, the Golden Farman and Armagaon
    3. 3.6.1.3 Bussy, Vizianagaram and the Battle of Bobbili 1757
    4. 3.6.1.4 Chandurthi 1758 to the Northern Circars grant 1765–66
66. 3.6.2 Colonial revenue and economy in Andhra 4 notes Practise
    1. 3.6.2.1 Zamindars of the Northern Circars: Padmanabham 1794 and the Permanent Settlement 1802
    2. 3.6.2.2 Ceded Districts 1800 and Munro's ryotwari settlement
    3. 3.6.2.3 Famines and irrigation: the Guntur famine to Cotton's anicuts
    4. 3.6.2.4 Rural economy in colonial Andhra: the Torture Commission, cotton boom and zamindari abolition
67. 3.6.3 Social reform in Andhra 6 notes Practise
    1. 3.6.3.1 Early awakening in Andhra: Enugula Veeraswamy, Lakshminarasu Chetty and modern education
    2. 3.6.3.2 Kandukuri Veeresalingam: widow remarriage, journals and institutions
    3. 3.6.3.3 Brahmo Samaj in Andhra: Raghupati Venkataratnam Naidu
    4. 3.6.3.4 Spoken Telugu and social satire: Gidugu Ramamurthy and Gurajada Apparao
    5. 3.6.3.5 Women's movement in Andhra: Bandaru Acchamamba to Durgabai Deshmukh
    6. 3.6.3.6 Non-Brahmin, Dalit and rationalist movements: Justice Party, Bhagya Reddy Varma and Gora
68. 3.6.4 Press and library movements 3 notes Practise
    1. 3.6.4.1 Beginnings of Telugu journalism: Satyadoota to Vivekavardhini
    2. 3.6.4.2 Nationalist Telugu press: Krishna Patrika, Andhra Patrika and the Telangana papers
    3. 3.6.4.3 Library movement and literary institutions in Andhra
69. 3.6.5 Freedom movement in Andhra 9 notes Practise
    1. 3.6.5.1 Early resistance in Andhra: the poligars, Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy and 1857
    2. 3.6.5.2 Vandemataram movement in Andhra: Bipin Chandra Pal, Kakinada, Kotappakonda and Tenali
    3. 3.6.5.3 Home Rule and Non-Cooperation in Andhra: the Bezawada AICC 1921 and the national flag
    4. 3.6.5.4 Chirala–Perala movement
    5. 3.6.5.5 Pedanandipadu no-tax campaign and the Palnadu forest satyagraha
    6. 3.6.5.6 Rampa rebellion 1922–24: Alluri Sitarama Raju
    7. 3.6.5.7 Civil Disobedience in Andhra: Simon boycott, salt satyagraha and the peasant movement
    8. 3.6.5.8 Quit India in Andhra and the 1946 Prakasam ministry
    9. 3.6.5.9 Leaders of the Andhra freedom struggle: titles and contributions
70. 3.6.6 Andhra Mahasabha and Andhra State 6 notes Practise
    1. 3.6.6.1 Andhra Mahasabha 1913–1938: sessions and the Andhra Congress Committee
    2. 3.6.6.2 Sri Bagh Pact 1937
    3. 3.6.6.3 Andhra demand 1938–1952: Dhar Commission, JVP Committee and Swami Sitaram
    4. 3.6.6.4 Potti Sriramulu's fast and the formation of Andhra State 1953
    5. 3.6.6.5 Andhra State 1953–56: Kurnool capital, Guntur High Court and ministries
    6. 3.6.6.6 Telangana awakening under the Nizam: Andhra Mahasabha, armed struggle and Operation Polo
71. 3.6.7 Visalandhra and the formation of Andhra Pradesh 5 notes Practise
    1. 3.6.7.1 Hyderabad State 1948–56: military rule, the Burgula ministry and the Mulki agitation 1952
    2. 3.6.7.2 Visalandhra movement and the Visalandhra Mahasabha 1949
    3. 3.6.7.3 States Reorganisation Commission and the Telangana question
    4. 3.6.7.4 Gentlemen's Agreement 1956
    5. 3.6.7.5 Formation of Andhra Pradesh, 1 November 1956: first office holders
72. 3.6.8 Andhra Pradesh 1956–2014 4 notes Practise
    1. 3.6.8.1 Mulki rules and the Telangana agitation 1969: the Eight-Point Formula
    2. 3.6.8.2 Jai Andhra movement 1972–73 and the Six-Point Formula
    3. 3.6.8.3 Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh and political milestones 1956–2014
    4. 3.6.8.4 Telangana movement and bifurcation: Srikrishna Committee to the Reorganisation Act 2014

Practise Geography of India & AP 31 free questions with answers

1. 4.1 Physical geography basics 7 chapters
2. 4.1.1 Universe, solar system and the Earth 8 notes Practise
   1. 4.1.1.1 Origin of the universe: Big Bang and the expanding universe
   2. 4.1.1.2 Stars and galaxies: life cycle of a star and the Milky Way
   3. 4.1.1.3 The Sun and the eight planets: key features compared
   4. 4.1.1.4 Dwarf planets, asteroids, comets and meteors
   5. 4.1.1.5 The Moon: phases, tides link and solar and lunar eclipses
   6. 4.1.1.6 Earth's rotation and revolution: day and night, seasons, solstices and equinoxes
   7. 4.1.1.7 Latitudes and longitudes: important parallels and heat zones
   8. 4.1.1.8 Longitude and time: local time, standard time, IST and the International Date Line
3. 4.1.2 Interior of the Earth and plate tectonics 9 notes Practise
   1. 4.1.2.1 Interior of the Earth: crust, mantle, core and discontinuities
   2. 4.1.2.2 Seismic waves: P, S and surface waves and shadow zones
   3. 4.1.2.3 Continental drift theory: Wegener's evidence and its limits
   4. 4.1.2.4 Sea-floor spreading and palaeomagnetism
   5. 4.1.2.5 Plate tectonics: major plates and divergent, convergent and transform boundaries
   6. 4.1.2.6 Earthquakes: focus, epicentre, magnitude and intensity scales and world belts
   7. 4.1.2.7 Tsunamis: how they form and early warning systems
   8. 4.1.2.8 Volcanoes: types, volcanic landforms and the Pacific Ring of Fire
   9. 4.1.2.9 Diastrophism: folding, faulting and mountain building
4. 4.1.3 Rocks and geomorphology 10 notes Practise
   1. 4.1.3.1 Minerals and rocks: common minerals and the rock cycle
   2. 4.1.3.2 Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks compared
   3. 4.1.3.3 Geomorphic processes: endogenic and exogenic forces, weathering and mass wasting
   4. 4.1.3.4 Fluvial landforms: V-shaped valleys to meanders, ox-bow lakes and deltas
   5. 4.1.3.5 Glacial landforms: cirques, aretes, U-shaped valleys, moraines and drumlins
   6. 4.1.3.6 Aeolian landforms: deflation hollows, mushroom rocks, dunes and loess
   7. 4.1.3.7 Coastal landforms: cliffs, sea caves, spits, bars and lagoons; emergent and submergent coasts
   8. 4.1.3.8 Karst landforms: sinkholes, caves, stalactites and stalagmites
   9. 4.1.3.9 Mountains, plateaus and plains: types with world examples
   10. 4.1.3.10 Cycle of erosion: Davis and Penck models
5. 4.1.4 Atmosphere, temperature, pressure and winds 9 notes Practise
   1. 4.1.4.1 Composition of the atmosphere: gases, water vapour and aerosols
   2. 4.1.4.2 Structure of the atmosphere: troposphere to exosphere and the ionosphere
   3. 4.1.4.3 Insolation: factors controlling its distribution
   4. 4.1.4.4 Heat budget of the Earth: conduction, convection, radiation and albedo
   5. 4.1.4.5 Distribution of temperature: isotherms, annual range and temperature inversion
   6. 4.1.4.6 Pressure belts of the world and their seasonal shifting
   7. 4.1.4.7 Planetary winds: Coriolis force, trades, westerlies, polar easterlies and the three-cell model
   8. 4.1.4.8 Periodic and local winds: monsoons, land and sea breezes, Foehn, Chinook, Loo and others
   9. 4.1.4.9 Jet streams: subtropical and polar front jets and their effects
6. 4.1.5 Weather systems and world climates 10 notes Practise
   1. 4.1.5.1 Humidity and condensation: dew, frost, fog and types of clouds
   2. 4.1.5.2 Precipitation: convectional, orographic and cyclonic rainfall and world distribution
   3. 4.1.5.3 Air masses and fronts: types and associated weather
   4. 4.1.5.4 Tropical cyclones: formation, structure, naming and regional names
   5. 4.1.5.5 Temperate cyclones and anticyclones
   6. 4.1.5.6 Thunderstorms and tornadoes
   7. 4.1.5.7 El Niño, La Niña, ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole
   8. 4.1.5.8 Köppen climate classification: scheme and symbols
   9. 4.1.5.9 Tropical climates of the world: equatorial, savanna, monsoon and hot desert
   10. 4.1.5.10 Temperate and cold climates: Mediterranean, China type, west European, taiga and tundra
7. 4.1.6 Oceanography 9 notes Practise
   1. 4.1.6.1 Ocean floor relief: continental shelf, slope, abyssal plains, ridges and trenches
   2. 4.1.6.2 Relief of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans: major ridges, trenches and deeps
   3. 4.1.6.3 Temperature of ocean water: distribution and the thermocline
   4. 4.1.6.4 Salinity of oceans and seas: controlling factors and distribution
   5. 4.1.6.5 Ocean currents: causes and warm and cold currents
   6. 4.1.6.6 Major currents of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans and their effects
   7. 4.1.6.7 Waves and tides: spring and neap tides, tidal bores and tidal energy
   8. 4.1.6.8 Coral reefs: conditions, fringing, barrier and atoll types and coral bleaching
   9. 4.1.6.9 Ocean resources and the Law of the Sea: UNCLOS, territorial waters and EEZ
8. 4.1.7 Biogeography and soils of the world 5 notes Practise
   1. 4.1.7.1 Soil formation: factors, processes and the soil profile
   2. 4.1.7.2 Major soil types of the world and their distribution
   3. 4.1.7.3 World forests: equatorial, monsoon, Mediterranean, temperate and coniferous
   4. 4.1.7.4 World grasslands: savanna, prairie, steppe, pampas, veld and downs
   5. 4.1.7.5 Deserts of the world: hot and cold deserts and polar regions
9. 4.2 Physiography & drainage of India 3 chapters
10. 4.2.1 Location, extent and geological structure 3 notes Practise
    1. 4.2.1.1 India's location and extent: latitudes, longitudes and the standard meridian
    2. 4.2.1.2 India and its neighbours: land boundaries and maritime neighbours
    3. 4.2.1.3 Geological structure of India: Archaean to Quaternary formations
11. 4.2.2 Physiography 11 notes Practise
    1. 4.2.2.1 Physiographic divisions of India: an overview
    2. 4.2.2.2 Formation of the Himalaya and its significance
    3. 4.2.2.3 Himalayan ranges: Trans-Himalaya, Greater, Lesser and Shiwalik
    4. 4.2.2.4 Regional divisions of the Himalaya and the Purvanchal hills
    5. 4.2.2.5 Himalayan passes: west to east
    6. 4.2.2.6 Northern plains: Bhabar, Terai, Bhangar and Khadar and regional divisions
    7. 4.2.2.7 Peninsular plateau: Central Highlands, Deccan Plateau and Chotanagpur
    8. 4.2.2.8 Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats compared
    9. 4.2.2.9 The Thar Desert: features and formation
    10. 4.2.2.10 Coastal plains of India: western and eastern coasts
    11. 4.2.2.11 Islands of India: Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep
12. 4.2.3 Drainage systems 12 notes Practise
    1. 4.2.3.1 Drainage patterns and Himalayan and peninsular rivers compared
    2. 4.2.3.2 Indus river system: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej
    3. 4.2.3.3 Ganga main stem and its Himalayan tributaries
    4. 4.2.3.4 Ganga's peninsular tributaries: Chambal, Betwa, Ken and Son
    5. 4.2.3.5 Brahmaputra river system
    6. 4.2.3.6 Mahanadi and other east-flowing rivers of the north peninsula
    7. 4.2.3.7 Godavari and Krishna river systems
    8. 4.2.3.8 Kaveri, Pennar and other southern east-flowing rivers
    9. 4.2.3.9 West-flowing rivers: Narmada, Tapi, Sabarmati, Mahi and Western Ghats rivers
    10. 4.2.3.10 Lakes and waterfalls of India
    11. 4.2.3.11 Major dams and multipurpose river valley projects
    12. 4.2.3.12 River interlinking and interstate water disputes: NPP, Ken–Betwa and tribunals
13. 4.3 Climate, soils & vegetation 2 chapters
14. 4.3.1 Climate and monsoon 10 notes Practise
    1. 4.3.1.1 Factors controlling India's climate
    2. 4.3.1.2 Cold weather season and western disturbances
    3. 4.3.1.3 Hot weather season and pre-monsoon storms: mango showers, kalbaisakhi and loo
    4. 4.3.1.4 Monsoon mechanism: classical theory, ITCZ, jet streams and the Tibetan Plateau
    5. 4.3.1.5 Southwest monsoon: onset, advance, breaks and withdrawal
    6. 4.3.1.6 Retreating monsoon and the northeast monsoon
    7. 4.3.1.7 Monsoon and ENSO, IOD and MJO: IMD forecasting
    8. 4.3.1.8 Rainfall distribution and variability in India
    9. 4.3.1.9 Climatic regions of India: Köppen and Trewartha schemes
    10. 4.3.1.10 Cyclones of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea
15. 4.3.2 Soils, natural vegetation and wildlife 10 notes Practise
    1. 4.3.2.1 Soil classification in India: ICAR classes and soil survey
    2. 4.3.2.2 Alluvial and black soils
    3. 4.3.2.3 Red, yellow and laterite soils
    4. 4.3.2.4 Arid, saline, peaty, forest and mountain soils
    5. 4.3.2.5 Soil erosion, degradation and conservation methods
    6. 4.3.2.6 Tropical evergreen and deciduous forests
    7. 4.3.2.7 Thorn, montane, littoral and swamp forests including mangroves
    8. 4.3.2.8 Forest cover of India: India State of Forest Report highlights
    9. 4.3.2.9 National Forest Policy 1988, social forestry and agroforestry
    10. 4.3.2.10 Protected areas of India: major national parks and sanctuaries by region
16. 4.4 Agriculture, resources & industries 3 chapters
17. 4.4.1 Agriculture 11 notes Practise
    1. 4.4.1.1 Features of Indian agriculture: land use, land holdings and agro-climatic zones
    2. 4.4.1.2 Cropping seasons and systems: kharif, rabi and zaid, multiple and mixed cropping
    3. 4.4.1.3 Rice and wheat: growing conditions and major producing states
    4. 4.4.1.4 Millets, pulses and oilseeds
    5. 4.4.1.5 Fibre crops: cotton, jute and others
    6. 4.4.1.6 Sugarcane and plantation crops: tea, coffee and rubber
    7. 4.4.1.7 Horticulture and spices
    8. 4.4.1.8 Irrigation in India: canals, wells, tanks and micro-irrigation
    9. 4.4.1.9 Green Revolution: components, impacts and the second Green Revolution
    10. 4.4.1.10 Animal husbandry, fisheries and the White, Blue and other revolutions
    11. 4.4.1.11 Dryland farming and watershed management
18. 4.4.2 Minerals and energy resources 9 notes Practise
    1. 4.4.2.1 Minerals in India: classification and mineral belts
    2. 4.4.2.2 Ferrous minerals: iron ore, manganese and chromite
    3. 4.4.2.3 Non-ferrous minerals: bauxite, copper, lead, zinc and gold
    4. 4.4.2.4 Non-metallic minerals: mica, limestone, gypsum and others
    5. 4.4.2.5 Atomic minerals: uranium, thorium and monazite sands
    6. 4.4.2.6 Coal: Gondwana and Tertiary coalfields
    7. 4.4.2.7 Petroleum and natural gas: onshore and offshore basins
    8. 4.4.2.8 Power in India: thermal, hydel and nuclear power stations
    9. 4.4.2.9 Renewable energy in India: solar, wind and other sources by region
19. 4.4.3 Industries and industrial regions 7 notes Practise
    1. 4.4.3.1 Industrial location factors and industrial regions of India
    2. 4.4.3.2 Iron and steel industry: plants and locations
    3. 4.4.3.3 Textile industry: cotton, jute, silk and woollen
    4. 4.4.3.4 Agro-based industries: sugar and food processing
    5. 4.4.3.5 Chemical, fertiliser, cement and petrochemical industries
    6. 4.4.3.6 Engineering and knowledge industries: automobiles, electronics and IT
    7. 4.4.3.7 Industrial corridors and special economic zones
20. 4.5 Transport & population 3 chapters
21. 4.5.1 Transport and communication 5 notes Practise
    1. 4.5.1.1 Roadways: national highways, expressways and Bharatmala
    2. 4.5.1.2 Railways: zones, gauges and dedicated freight corridors
    3. 4.5.1.3 Ports of India: major ports and Sagarmala
    4. 4.5.1.4 Inland waterways, airways and pipelines
    5. 4.5.1.5 Communication networks: telecom, postal services and broadcasting
22. 4.5.2 Population and settlements 10 notes Practise
    1. 4.5.2.1 Census of India: history and Census 2011 highlights
    2. 4.5.2.2 Distribution and density of population
    3. 4.5.2.3 Population growth in India: phases since 1901
    4. 4.5.2.4 Sex ratio and child sex ratio
    5. 4.5.2.5 Literacy in India: trends and state-wise pattern
    6. 4.5.2.6 Population composition: age structure, religion, language and demographic dividend
    7. 4.5.2.7 Scheduled Tribes: distribution and major tribes of India
    8. 4.5.2.8 Migration: types, causes and streams
    9. 4.5.2.9 Urbanisation: trends, million-plus cities and urban problems
    10. 4.5.2.10 Rural and urban settlements: types and patterns
23. 4.5.3 Population and settlements 3 notes Practise
    1. 4.5.3.1 Population of AP: Census 2011 highlights
    2. 4.5.3.2 Tribes of Andhra Pradesh: distribution and major groups
    3. 4.5.3.3 Urbanisation and major cities of AP
24. 4.6 Andhra Pradesh geography 7 chapters
25. 4.6.1 Location, regions and districts 3 notes Practise
    1. 4.6.1.1 Andhra Pradesh: location, extent and boundaries
    2. 4.6.1.2 Regions of AP: North Coastal Andhra, Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema
    3. 4.6.1.3 Districts of AP: the 26 districts of 2022 and the 28 districts since December 2025
26. 4.6.2 Physiography, Eastern Ghats and coast 4 notes Practise
    1. 4.6.2.1 Physiographic divisions of Andhra Pradesh
    2. 4.6.2.2 Eastern Ghats in AP: Nallamala, Seshachalam, Velikonda, Palkonda and the northern hills
    3. 4.6.2.3 AP coastline: length, beaches and coastal features
    4. 4.6.2.4 Kolleru and Pulicat: lakes and coastal wetlands of AP
27. 4.6.3 Rivers and irrigation projects 6 notes Practise
    1. 4.6.3.1 Godavari in Andhra Pradesh: course, tributaries and delta
    2. 4.6.3.2 Krishna in Andhra Pradesh: course, tributaries and delta
    3. 4.6.3.3 Pennar, Vamsadhara, Nagavali, Swarnamukhi and other rivers of AP
    4. 4.6.3.4 Polavaram project: features, displacement and status
    5. 4.6.3.5 Major irrigation projects: Srisailam, Nagarjuna Sagar, Somasila, Telugu Ganga, Handri–Neeva and others
    6. 4.6.3.6 Interstate river disputes involving AP: Krishna, Godavari and Vamsadhara tribunals
28. 4.6.4 Climate and soils 3 notes Practise
    1. 4.6.4.1 Climate of AP: seasons, rainfall and drought-prone areas
    2. 4.6.4.2 Cyclones and floods on the AP coast
    3. 4.6.4.3 Soils of Andhra Pradesh: types and distribution
29. 4.6.5 Agriculture, irrigation and fisheries 3 notes Practise
    1. 4.6.5.1 Crops and cropping pattern of AP: rice, pulses, tobacco, chillies and horticulture
    2. 4.6.5.2 Irrigation in AP: canals, tanks, wells and micro-irrigation
    3. 4.6.5.3 Aquaculture and fisheries in AP
30. 4.6.6 Forests, wildlife and tourism 5 notes Practise
    1. 4.6.6.1 Forests of AP: types and forest cover
    2. 4.6.6.2 Protected areas of AP: national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and the Nagarjunasagar–Srisailam Tiger Reserve
    3. 4.6.6.3 Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve, Ramsar sites and endemic species of AP
    4. 4.6.6.4 Heritage and pilgrimage tourism: Tirumala, Srisailam, Lepakshi, Amaravati and Buddhist sites
    5. 4.6.6.5 Beach, hill and eco-tourism: Visakhapatnam coast, Araku, Horsley Hills, Gandikota and others
31. 4.6.7 Minerals, energy, industries and ports 5 notes Practise
    1. 4.6.7.1 Minerals of AP: barytes, limestone, beach sands, uranium and others
    2. 4.6.7.2 Oil, gas and power in AP: KG basin and power projects
    3. 4.6.7.3 Industries of AP: major sectors and industrial clusters by region
    4. 4.6.7.4 Industrial corridors and SEZs in AP: VCIC, CBIC, Sri City and others
    5. 4.6.7.5 Ports, airports and transport network of AP

Practise Indian Polity & Governance 21 free questions with answers

1. 5.1 Constitution: making, features & rights 8 chapters
2. 5.1.1 Historical background 5 notes Practise
   1. 5.1.1.1 Company rule: Regulating Act 1773 to Charter Act 1853
   2. 5.1.1.2 Crown rule: Government of India Act 1858 to Indian Councils Act 1909
   3. 5.1.1.3 Government of India Act 1919
   4. 5.1.1.4 Government of India Act 1935
   5. 5.1.1.5 Indian Independence Act 1947
3. 5.1.2 Making of the Constitution 4 notes Practise
   1. 5.1.2.1 Constituent Assembly: demand, Cabinet Mission plan and composition
   2. 5.1.2.2 Working of the Assembly: Objectives Resolution and committees
   3. 5.1.2.3 Enactment, enforcement and criticism of the Constitution
   4. 5.1.2.4 Sources of the Constitution
4. 5.1.3 Salient features and Preamble 5 notes Practise
   1. 5.1.3.1 Salient features of the Constitution
   2. 5.1.3.2 Parliamentary system: Indian and British models
   3. 5.1.3.3 Federal system: federal and unitary features
   4. 5.1.3.4 Preamble: text, components and keywords
   5. 5.1.3.5 Preamble in the courts: Berubari to Kesavananda
5. 5.1.4 Amendment and basic structure 4 notes Practise
   1. 5.1.4.1 Article 368: procedure and types of amendment
   2. 5.1.4.2 Basic structure doctrine: evolution and elements
   3. 5.1.4.3 Important amendments at a glance
   4. 5.1.4.4 42nd and 44th Amendments
6. 5.1.5 Union and its territory 3 notes Practise
   1. 5.1.5.1 Articles 1–4: union, territory and new states
   2. 5.1.5.2 Reorganisation of states: commissions and new states
   3. 5.1.5.3 Union territories: administration and Delhi
7. 5.1.6 Citizenship 3 notes Practise
   1. 5.1.6.1 Articles 5–11: citizenship at the commencement
   2. 5.1.6.2 Citizenship Act 1955 and the 2019 amendment
   3. 5.1.6.3 NRI, PIO and OCI
8. 5.1.7 Fundamental Rights 15 notes Practise
   1. 5.1.7.1 Fundamental Rights: overview and features
   2. 5.1.7.2 Article 12 (State) and Article 13 (laws void)
   3. 5.1.7.3 Article 14: equality before law
   4. 5.1.7.4 Articles 15–16: non-discrimination and reservation
   5. 5.1.7.5 Articles 17–18: untouchability and titles
   6. 5.1.7.6 Article 19: the six freedoms
   7. 5.1.7.7 Article 20: protection in respect of conviction
   8. 5.1.7.8 Articles 21 and 21A: life, liberty and education
   9. 5.1.7.9 Article 22: arrest and preventive detention
   10. 5.1.7.10 Articles 23–24: right against exploitation
   11. 5.1.7.11 Articles 25–28: freedom of religion
   12. 5.1.7.12 Articles 29–30: cultural and educational rights
   13. 5.1.7.13 Article 32 and the writs
   14. 5.1.7.14 Articles 31A–31C, 33–35 and limits on Fundamental Rights
   15. 5.1.7.15 Right to property: from Article 31 to Article 300A
9. 5.1.8 DPSP and Fundamental Duties 4 notes Practise
   1. 5.1.8.1 Directive Principles: features and classification
   2. 5.1.8.2 Directive Principles article by article, and later additions
   3. 5.1.8.3 Fundamental Rights versus Directive Principles
   4. 5.1.8.4 Fundamental Duties (Article 51A)
10. 5.2 Union & State government 3 chapters
11. 5.2.1 Union executive 9 notes Practise
    1. 5.2.1.1 President: election, qualifications and term
    2. 5.2.1.2 President: executive, legislative and financial powers
    3. 5.2.1.3 Ordinances (Article 123) and veto powers
    4. 5.2.1.4 Pardoning power (Article 72) and impeachment
    5. 5.2.1.5 Vice-President
    6. 5.2.1.6 Prime Minister
    7. 5.2.1.7 Council of Ministers and the Cabinet
    8. 5.2.1.8 Cabinet committees and the PMO
    9. 5.2.1.9 Attorney General and Solicitor General
12. 5.2.2 Parliament 10 notes Practise
    1. 5.2.2.1 Composition of Parliament: Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
    2. 5.2.2.2 Membership of Parliament: qualifications, disqualification and office of profit
    3. 5.2.2.3 Presiding officers and leaders in Parliament
    4. 5.2.2.4 Sessions and devices of parliamentary proceedings
    5. 5.2.2.5 Legislative procedure in Parliament and types of bills
    6. 5.2.2.6 Money bills, financial bills and joint sitting
    7. 5.2.2.7 Budget, grants and the three funds
    8. 5.2.2.8 Parliamentary committees
    9. 5.2.2.9 Parliamentary privileges
    10. 5.2.2.10 Rajya Sabha versus Lok Sabha; women's reservation (106th Amendment)
13. 5.2.3 State executive and legislature 5 notes Practise
    1. 5.2.3.1 Governor: appointment, powers and discretion
    2. 5.2.3.2 Chief Minister and the state Council of Ministers
    3. 5.2.3.3 State legislature: Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council
    4. 5.2.3.4 Legislative procedure in the states
    5. 5.2.3.5 Advocate General of the state
14. 5.3 Judiciary 1 chapter
15. 5.3.1 Judiciary 7 notes Practise
    1. 5.3.1.1 Supreme Court: composition, appointment and the collegium
    2. 5.3.1.2 Supreme Court: jurisdiction and powers
    3. 5.3.1.3 High Courts
    4. 5.3.1.4 Subordinate courts
    5. 5.3.1.5 Judicial review, judicial activism and PIL
    6. 5.3.1.6 Tribunals
    7. 5.3.1.7 Legal services, Lok Adalats, Gram Nyayalayas and ADR
16. 5.4 Federalism & local government 2 chapters
17. 5.4.1 Centre–State relations 5 notes Practise
    1. 5.4.1.1 Legislative relations: the three lists
    2. 5.4.1.2 Administrative relations
    3. 5.4.1.3 Financial relations
    4. 5.4.1.4 Inter-state relations: water disputes, councils and zonal councils
    5. 5.4.1.5 Commissions on Centre–State relations
18. 5.4.2 Local government 7 notes Practise
    1. 5.4.2.1 Panchayati raj: evolution and committees
    2. 5.4.2.2 73rd Amendment: panchayats (Part IX)
    3. 5.4.2.3 74th Amendment: municipalities (Part IXA)
    4. 5.4.2.4 Types of urban local bodies
    5. 5.4.2.5 PESA 1996 and local government in scheduled areas
    6. 5.4.2.6 Local government in Andhra Pradesh
    7. 5.4.2.7 Co-operative societies (97th Amendment)
19. 5.5 Constitutional bodies, elections & special provisions 4 chapters
20. 5.5.1 Constitutional bodies 7 notes Practise
    1. 5.5.1.1 Election Commission
    2. 5.5.1.2 UPSC, State PSCs and Joint PSCs
    3. 5.5.1.3 Finance Commission
    4. 5.5.1.4 GST Council
    5. 5.5.1.5 Comptroller and Auditor General
    6. 5.5.1.6 NCSC, NCST and NCBC
    7. 5.5.1.7 Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities
21. 5.5.2 Statutory and non-constitutional bodies 6 notes Practise
    1. 5.5.2.1 NITI Aayog
    2. 5.5.2.2 National and State Human Rights Commissions
    3. 5.5.2.3 Central and State Information Commissions
    4. 5.5.2.4 CVC, CBI and NIA
    5. 5.5.2.5 Lokpal and Lokayuktas
    6. 5.5.2.6 Commissions for women, children, minorities and consumers
22. 5.5.3 Elections 6 notes Practise
    1. 5.5.3.1 Electoral system and the election process
    2. 5.5.3.2 Representation of the People Acts 1950 and 1951
    3. 5.5.3.3 Political parties: registration, recognition and symbols
    4. 5.5.3.4 Anti-defection law (Tenth Schedule)
    5. 5.5.3.5 Delimitation
    6. 5.5.3.6 Electoral reforms
23. 5.5.4 Emergency, special provisions and schedules 7 notes Practise
    1. 5.5.4.1 National emergency (Article 352)
    2. 5.5.4.2 President's rule (Article 356)
    3. 5.5.4.3 Financial emergency (Article 360)
    4. 5.5.4.4 Special provisions for states: Articles 371 to 371J
    5. 5.5.4.5 Fifth and Sixth Schedules: scheduled and tribal areas
    6. 5.5.4.6 Official language (Part XVII)
    7. 5.5.4.7 The twelve schedules
24. 5.6 Governance, public policy & e-Governance 3 chapters
25. 5.6.1 Governance, public policy and e-Governance 8 notes Practise
    1. 5.6.1.1 Good governance: meaning, features and indicators
    2. 5.6.1.2 Public policy: making, the policy cycle and evaluation in India
    3. 5.6.1.3 Administrative reforms: the two ARCs, civil service reforms and Mission Karmayogi
    4. 5.6.1.4 e-Governance: NeGP, Digital India, MMPs and e-Kranti
    5. 5.6.1.5 Citizen-centric administration: citizen charters, Sevottam, right to services and CPGRAMS
    6. 5.6.1.6 Transparency and accountability: RTI, social audit, Lokpal and Lokayuktas, CVC
    7. 5.6.1.7 Andhra Pradesh governance initiatives: village and ward secretariats, RTGS, grievance redressal and online services
    8. 5.6.1.8 Civil services, civil society, SHGs and people's participation in governance
26. 5.6.2 Computers, communication and Digital India 1 note Practise
    1. 5.6.2.1 Digital India and digital public infrastructure: Aadhaar, UPI, DigiLocker and ONDC
27. 5.6.3 RTI Act 2005 and Maharashtra RTS Act 2015 5 notes Practise
    1. 5.6.3.1 RTI Act Sections 1–5: commencement, definitions, public authority, proactive disclosure and PIOs
    2. 5.6.3.2 RTI Act Sections 6–7: request, transfer, time limits, fees and deemed refusal; RTI Rules 2012
    3. 5.6.3.3 RTI Act Sections 8–11: exemptions, public interest override, twenty-year rule, severability and third-party information
    4. 5.6.3.4 RTI Act Sections 12–17: Central and State Information Commissions – appointment, term and removal
    5. 5.6.3.5 RTI Act Sections 18–31: powers of Commissions, appeals, penalty, exempt organisations (s.24) and repeal

Practise Indian Economy & Planning 37 free questions with answers

1. 6.1 National income, planning & reforms 5 chapters
2. 6.1.1 Basic concepts 4 notes Practise
   1. 6.1.1.1 Micro and macroeconomics; capitalist, socialist and mixed economies
   2. 6.1.1.2 Sectors of the economy: primary, secondary and tertiary; organised and unorganised
   3. 6.1.1.3 Goods, capital and the circular flow: final and intermediate goods, stocks and flows, leakages and injections
   4. 6.1.1.4 Keynesian income determination: consumption function, multiplier and the paradox of thrift
3. 6.1.2 National income 6 notes Practise
   1. 6.1.2.1 National income aggregates: GDP, GNP, NNP and personal disposable income
   2. 6.1.2.2 Market prices, factor cost and basic prices: GVA and net product taxes
   3. 6.1.2.3 Measuring GDP: product, income and expenditure methods
   4. 6.1.2.4 Nominal and real GDP, the GDP deflator and per capita income
   5. 6.1.2.5 National accounts in India: early estimates, NSO, release calendar and base-year revisions
   6. 6.1.2.6 GDP and welfare: externalities, non-market work, Green GDP and alternative measures
4. 6.1.3 Growth and development 4 notes Practise
   1. 6.1.3.1 Growth and development: concepts, Kuznets curve and development theories (Rostow, Lewis, Nurkse, Hirschman)
   2. 6.1.3.2 Saving, investment and capital formation: GCF, GFCF and ICOR
   3. 6.1.3.3 Colonial economy: drain of wealth, deindustrialisation and India on the eve of independence
   4. 6.1.3.4 India's growth since 1950: phases, structural change and the latest estimates
5. 6.1.4 Planning and NITI Aayog 7 notes Practise
   1. 6.1.4.1 Planning: types, pre-independence plans and the constitutional basis
   2. 6.1.4.2 Planning Commission and the National Development Council
   3. 6.1.4.3 Five Year Plans 1–6: Harrod–Domar, Mahalanobis model, plan holiday and rolling plan
   4. 6.1.4.4 Five Year Plans 7–12: from food, work and productivity to faster, more inclusive growth
   5. 6.1.4.5 Goals and record of planning; area development programmes (DPAP, hill areas, Tribal Sub-Plan)
   6. 6.1.4.6 NITI Aayog: structure, functions and contrast with the Planning Commission
   7. 6.1.4.7 NITI Aayog initiatives: Aspirational Districts and Blocks, Atal Innovation Mission and indices
6. 6.1.5 Economic reforms since 1991 4 notes Practise
   1. 6.1.5.1 The 1991 balance of payments crisis and stabilisation
   2. 6.1.5.2 LPG reforms: liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation – an assessment
   3. 6.1.5.3 New Industrial Policy 1991: delicensing, public sector reservation and MRTP to the Competition Act
   4. 6.1.5.4 Public sector reform: Ratna status, disinvestment and the National Monetisation Pipeline
7. 6.2 Money, banking & inflation 4 chapters
8. 6.2.1 Money and monetary policy 6 notes Practise
   1. 6.2.1.1 Money: functions, legal tender and money supply measures (M0–M4, money multiplier)
   2. 6.2.1.2 Currency management: note issue, coinage, demonetisation 2016 and the digital rupee
   3. 6.2.1.3 Reserve Bank of India: history, governance and functions
   4. 6.2.1.4 Monetary policy tools: CRR, SLR, bank rate, open market operations and qualitative controls
   5. 6.2.1.5 Liquidity management: LAF corridor, repo, SDF, MSF, MSS and sterilisation
   6. 6.2.1.6 Monetary Policy Committee, inflation targeting and lending rate benchmarks (BPLR to EBLR)
9. 6.2.2 Banking and financial inclusion 9 notes Practise
   1. 6.2.2.1 Structure of Indian banking: scheduled, cooperative, regional rural and differentiated banks
   2. 6.2.2.2 Bank nationalisation and reforms: 1969, 1980, Narasimham committees and PSB mergers
   3. 6.2.2.3 Prudential regulation: Basel norms, capital adequacy and deposit insurance (DICGC)
   4. 6.2.2.4 Non-performing assets: classification, twin balance sheet problem and resolution (ARCs, NARCL)
   5. 6.2.2.5 Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016
   6. 6.2.2.6 NBFCs and development finance institutions: NABARD, SIDBI, EXIM Bank and NaBFID
   7. 6.2.2.7 Priority sector lending and financial inclusion: lead bank scheme, Jan Dhan and SHG–bank linkage
   8. 6.2.2.8 Payment systems: NPCI, UPI, RTGS, NEFT and digital payments
   9. 6.2.2.9 Commercial banks: credit creation and portfolio management
10. 6.2.3 Inflation and price indices 5 notes Practise
    1. 6.2.3.1 Inflation: meaning, measurement and types by rate
    2. 6.2.3.2 Causes of inflation: demand-pull, cost-push, structural factors and the quantity theory of money
    3. 6.2.3.3 Effects of inflation and related terms: deflation, stagflation, core inflation, base effect and the Phillips curve
    4. 6.2.3.4 Price indices: WPI, PPI and the CPI family – compilers, weights and base years
    5. 6.2.3.5 Controlling inflation: monetary, fiscal and supply-side measures
11. 6.2.4 Financial markets 5 notes Practise
    1. 6.2.4.1 Financial system and regulators: money and capital markets, FSDC and who regulates what
    2. 6.2.4.2 Money market instruments: call money, treasury bills, commercial paper and certificates of deposit
    3. 6.2.4.3 Capital market: primary and secondary markets, stock exchanges and SEBI
    4. 6.2.4.4 Capital market instruments: shares, bonds, mutual funds, derivatives, G-secs and REITs/InvITs
    5. 6.2.4.5 Insurance and pension sectors: IRDAI, LIC, PFRDA, NPS and the Unified Pension Scheme
12. 6.3 Public finance & budget 2 chapters
13. 6.3.1 Public finance 11 notes Practise
    1. 6.3.1.1 Public finance basics: functions of government and public goods
    2. 6.3.1.2 Union Budget: receipts and expenditure, budget documents and budgeting reforms
    3. 6.3.1.3 Measures of deficit: revenue, effective revenue, fiscal and primary deficit
    4. 6.3.1.4 Fiscal policy: deficit financing, crowding out, multipliers and automatic stabilisers
    5. 6.3.1.5 Public debt and the FRBM framework: the 2003 Act, 2018 amendments and the debt anchor
    6. 6.3.1.6 Taxation: concepts, incidence, buoyancy, reform committees and abolished taxes
    7. 6.3.1.7 Direct taxes: income tax, corporation tax, MAT, GAAR and the global minimum tax
    8. 6.3.1.8 GST: 101st Amendment, dual structure and taxes subsumed
    9. 6.3.1.9 GST in operation: rate slabs, compensation, e-way bill and the 2025 rationalisation
    10. 6.3.1.10 Fiscal federalism: Finance Commissions, the divisible pool and state borrowing
    11. 6.3.1.11 Fifteenth and Sixteenth Finance Commissions: devolution criteria and grants
14. 6.3.2 Union Budget and Economic Survey 6 notes Practise
    1. 6.3.2.1 Union Budget 2025-26: fiscal numbers and tax changes
    2. 6.3.2.2 Union Budget 2025-26: sector announcements and new missions
    3. 6.3.2.3 Economic Survey 2024-25: key themes and figures
    4. 6.3.2.4 Union Budget 2026-27: fiscal numbers and tax changes
    5. 6.3.2.5 Union Budget 2026-27: sector announcements and new missions
    6. 6.3.2.6 Economic Survey 2025-26: key themes and figures
15. 6.4 External sector & trade 1 chapter
16. 6.4.1 External sector 11 notes Practise
    1. 6.4.1.1 Balance of payments: current and capital accounts, CAD and India's BoP
    2. 6.4.1.2 Exchange rates: fixed, floating and managed systems, NEER/REER, PPP and rupee convertibility
    3. 6.4.1.3 Foreign exchange reserves and Special Drawing Rights
    4. 6.4.1.4 Foreign investment: FEMA, FDI, FPI and instruments (ADR, GDR, masala bonds, P-notes)
    5. 6.4.1.5 External debt, remittances and NRI deposit schemes
    6. 6.4.1.6 India's foreign trade: composition, direction, Foreign Trade Policy 2023 and rupee trade settlement
    7. 6.4.1.7 Trade remedies and regional trade agreements: anti-dumping, FTAs, CEPAs and customs unions
    8. 6.4.1.8 GATT and WTO: structure, principles, rounds and ministerial conferences
    9. 6.4.1.9 WTO agreements: Agreement on Agriculture (boxes, peace clause) and TRIPS
    10. 6.4.1.10 IMF: quotas, SDRs and lending facilities
    11. 6.4.1.11 World Bank Group and other development banks: ADB, AIIB and NDB
17. 6.5 Agriculture, industry & development 7 chapters
18. 6.5.1 Agriculture and rural economy 11 notes Practise
    1. 6.5.1.1 Agriculture in India: role, landholdings, cropping seasons and cropping intensity
    2. 6.5.1.2 Land reforms: intermediaries, tenancy, ceilings, Bhoodan and Operation Barga
    3. 6.5.1.3 Green Revolution: HYV programme, phases and impacts
    4. 6.5.1.4 Farm inputs: seeds, GM crops, plant variety protection, fertiliser subsidy and soil health
    5. 6.5.1.5 Irrigation: sources, classification of projects and PMKSY
    6. 6.5.1.6 Agricultural prices: CACP, cost concepts, MSP, FRP and PM-AASHA
    7. 6.5.1.7 Food security: FCI, buffer stocks, PDS and the National Food Security Act 2013
    8. 6.5.1.8 Agricultural marketing: APMC, e-NAM, the 2020 farm laws and warehousing
    9. 6.5.1.9 Agricultural credit and crop insurance: KCC, interest subvention, NABARD and PMFBY
    10. 6.5.1.10 Allied sectors: dairy, fisheries, livestock and the colour revolutions
    11. 6.5.1.11 Farm income support and new initiatives: PM-KISAN, Agriculture Infrastructure Fund, cooperatives, natural farming and millets
19. 6.5.2 Industry 8 notes Practise
    1. 6.5.2.1 Industrial Policy Resolutions 1948 and 1956
    2. 6.5.2.2 Licence raj: IDRA 1951, MRTP 1969, small-scale reservation and the 1977 and 1980 policies
    3. 6.5.2.3 MSMEs and startups: MSMED Act, classification (2020, 2025), Startup India and Stand-Up India
    4. 6.5.2.4 Make in India, National Manufacturing Policy 2011 and PLI schemes
    5. 6.5.2.5 SEZs, NIMZs and industrial corridors
    6. 6.5.2.6 Industrial statistics: IIP, eight core industries and the Annual Survey of Industries
    7. 6.5.2.7 Steel, coal and minerals: public sector plants, coal reforms, MMDR Act and District Mineral Foundations
    8. 6.5.2.8 Labour codes and industrial relations
20. 6.5.3 Infrastructure and services 7 notes Practise
    1. 6.5.3.1 Infrastructure financing: PPP models, HAM, VGF, National Infrastructure Pipeline and NaBFID
    2. 6.5.3.2 Power and energy sector: Electricity Act 2003, discom reforms (UDAY, RDSS), renewable targets and the Green Hydrogen Mission
    3. 6.5.3.3 Roads and railways: Golden Quadrilateral, Bharatmala, PMGSY and dedicated freight corridors
    4. 6.5.3.4 Ports, waterways and aviation: Sagarmala, national waterways and UDAN
    5. 6.5.3.5 Logistics and digital infrastructure: PM Gati Shakti, National Logistics Policy and the Telecommunications Act 2023
    6. 6.5.3.6 Urban development missions: Smart Cities, AMRUT, PMAY-Urban and Swachh Bharat (Urban)
    7. 6.5.3.7 Services sector: growth, IT-BPM, tourism and the gig economy
21. 6.5.4 Poverty and inequality 6 notes Practise
    1. 6.5.4.1 Poverty: concepts, types and the poverty line
    2. 6.5.4.2 Poverty estimation: Alagh to Rangarajan, consumption surveys and the World Bank line
    3. 6.5.4.3 Multidimensional poverty: global MPI and NITI Aayog's National MPI
    4. 6.5.4.4 Inequality: Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient and poverty gap measures
    5. 6.5.4.5 Anti-poverty programmes: IRDP to DAY-NRLM and SECC-based targeting
    6. 6.5.4.6 Rural employment guarantee: MGNREGA design, working and reform
22. 6.5.5 Employment and unemployment 3 notes Practise
    1. 6.5.5.1 Labour force concepts and types of unemployment
    2. 6.5.5.2 Periodic Labour Force Survey: design, latest findings and the structure of employment
    3. 6.5.5.3 Worker welfare and skilling: e-Shram, PM-SYM, EPFO, Skill India and DDU-GKY
23. 6.5.6 Human development and demography 4 notes Practise
    1. 6.5.6.1 Human development: capability approach and the HDI method
    2. 6.5.6.2 Global development indices: IHDI, GDI, GII, Human Capital Index, happiness and hunger indices
    3. 6.5.6.3 Demographic dividend: age structure, dependency ratio and the economics of population
    4. 6.5.6.4 Population policy, fertility and sex ratio: NPP 2000, NFHS-5 and SRS
24. 6.5.7 Inclusive growth and welfare schemes 3 notes Practise
    1. 6.5.7.1 Inclusive growth: concept, DBT and the JAM trinity
    2. 6.5.7.2 Basic services schemes: PMAY-Gramin, Swachh Bharat (Gramin), Jal Jeevan Mission, Ujjwala and Saubhagya
    3. 6.5.7.3 Livelihood and credit schemes: Mudra, PM SVANidhi, PM Vishwakarma and Lakhpati Didi
25. 6.6 Andhra Pradesh economy 9 chapters
26. 6.6.1 AP macro economy and demography 6 notes Practise
    1. 6.6.1.1 AP's GSDP and per capita income: Socio-Economic Survey 2024-25 estimates and growth since 2014
    2. 6.6.1.2 Sectoral composition of AP's GVA: agriculture and allied, industry and services shares and growth
    3. 6.6.1.3 Prices, employment and poverty in AP: CPI, PLFS and the MPI
    4. 6.6.1.4 Swarna Andhra @2047: vision, ten guiding principles (P4) and economic regions
    5. 6.6.1.5 AP's population and workforce: Census 2011 profile, literacy, sex ratio and urbanisation
    6. 6.6.1.6 Human development in AP: health, education and nutrition indicators
27. 6.6.2 Agriculture and allied sectors 6 notes Practise
    1. 6.6.2.1 Agriculture in AP: agro-climatic zones, land use and rainfall
    2. 6.6.2.2 Crops of AP: food grains, paddy, pulses, oilseeds and natural farming (APCNF)
    3. 6.6.2.3 Horticulture in AP: leading crops, Rayalaseema horticulture hub and exports
    4. 6.6.2.4 Livestock, dairy, poultry and sericulture: breeds, national ranks and schemes
    5. 6.6.2.5 Fisheries and aquaculture: AP's share, regulation and Matsyakara Sevalo
    6. 6.6.2.6 Farmer support in AP: Annadatha Sukhibhava, cultivator rights cards, RSKs, credit, marketing and cooperatives
28. 6.6.3 Irrigation and water resources 3 notes Practise
    1. 6.6.3.1 Irrigation in AP: potential created, sources, minor irrigation, tanks and groundwater (APWALTA)
    2. 6.6.3.2 Polavaram project: cost, funding, national project status and irrigation benefits
    3. 6.6.3.3 Irrigation projects in the budget: project names, irrigation SPVs, AIBP and the Polavaram–Nallamala Sagar link
29. 6.6.4 Industry and industrial policies 5 notes Practise
    1. 6.6.4.1 AP Industrial Development Policy 4.0 (2024–29): project categories, incentives and targets
    2. 6.6.4.2 Sectoral policies 2024–29: MSME, electronics, food processing, textiles, electric mobility and drones
    3. 6.6.4.3 Investment promotion in AP: APEDB, SIPB, single desk, BRAP rankings and investment summits
    4. 6.6.4.4 MSMEs, handlooms and exports of AP: units, RAMP, PMEGP, clusters and export profile
    5. 6.6.4.5 Minerals and mining in AP: deposits, mineral revenue, block auctions, DMF and sand policy
30. 6.6.5 Industrial corridors and clusters 3 notes Practise
    1. 6.6.5.1 Industrial corridors through AP: VCIC (ADB-assisted), CBIC and HBIC
    2. 6.6.5.2 Industrial nodes and parks: Krishnapatnam, Orvakal, Kopparthy and APIIC clusters
    3. 6.6.5.3 Special zones and clusters: SEZs, pharma and bulk drug parks, mega food parks and AMTZ
31. 6.6.6 Infrastructure, ports and services 7 notes Practise
    1. 6.6.6.1 Power sector in AP: demand, generation, transmission losses and pumped storage projects
    2. 6.6.6.2 Renewable energy in AP: Integrated Clean Energy Policy 2024, green hydrogen and rooftop solar
    3. 6.6.6.3 Roads, transport and airports: NH density, APSRTC, Bhogapuram and regional airports
    4. 6.6.6.4 Ports and the blue economy: Visakhapatnam, state ports, new greenfield ports and maritime policy
    5. 6.6.6.5 Urban AP: urban local bodies, metro rail plans and urban schemes
    6. 6.6.6.6 IT, electronics and data centres in AP: policies, Visakhapatnam AI data centre and digital governance
    7. 6.6.6.7 Tourism in AP: Tourism Policy 2024–29, anchor hubs and central schemes
32. 6.6.7 Amaravati and bifurcation issues 4 notes Practise
    1. 6.6.7.1 Amaravati capital: land pooling, the three-capitals phase and the current plan
    2. 6.6.7.2 AP Reorganisation Act 2014: economic provisions and Thirteenth Schedule institutions
    3. 6.6.7.3 Special category status, special assistance measure and the backward-districts package
    4. 6.6.7.4 Division of assets and liabilities: Schedule IX and X institutions, power dues and water sharing
33. 6.6.8 State budget and public finance 3 notes Practise
    1. 6.6.8.1 AP Budget 2026-27: size, receipts, expenditure and major allocations
    2. 6.6.8.2 AP's fiscal indicators and debt: deficits, debt–GSDP ratio and borrowing trends
    3. 6.6.8.3 AP's revenue sources: own tax and non-tax revenue, central transfers and Finance Commission share
34. 6.6.9 Welfare schemes 5 notes Practise
    1. 6.6.9.1 Super Six and flagship schemes: Thalliki Vandanam, Deepam 2.0, Stree Shakti and how they replaced Navaratnalu
    2. 6.6.9.2 Social security pensions in AP: NTR Bharosa
    3. 6.6.9.3 Education, nutrition and health schemes: Dokka Seethamma, Vidyardhi Mitra, Dr NTR Vaidya Seva and Aarogya Raksha
    4. 6.6.9.4 Housing, food and urban poor: house sites, housing assistance, Anna Canteens and PDS in AP
    5. 6.6.9.5 Schemes for weaker sections and women: BC Sub-Plan, SERP and MEPMA SHGs, and MGNREGS in AP

Practise Sustainable Development & Environment 30 free questions with answers

1. 7.1 Ecology & biodiversity 4 chapters
2. 7.1.1 Ecology and ecosystems 8 notes Practise
   1. 7.1.1.1 Ecology: levels of organisation, habitat and niche
   2. 7.1.1.2 Ecosystem structure: biotic and abiotic components
   3. 7.1.1.3 Energy flow and productivity: food chains, food webs, trophic levels and decomposition
   4. 7.1.1.4 Ecological pyramids and the ten per cent law
   5. 7.1.1.5 Ecological succession: primary, secondary and climax
   6. 7.1.1.6 Population and community ecology: growth, interactions and keystone species
   7. 7.1.1.7 Terrestrial biomes: ecology and adaptations
   8. 7.1.1.8 Aquatic ecosystems: freshwater, estuarine, mangrove and marine
3. 7.1.2 Biogeochemical cycles 4 notes Practise
   1. 7.1.2.1 Biogeochemical cycles: gaseous and sedimentary types and the water cycle
   2. 7.1.2.2 Carbon cycle and carbon sinks
   3. 7.1.2.3 Nitrogen cycle: fixation, nitrification and denitrification
   4. 7.1.2.4 Phosphorus and sulphur cycles
4. 7.1.3 Biodiversity and species 10 notes Practise
   1. 7.1.3.1 Biodiversity: genetic, species and ecosystem levels; alpha, beta and gamma diversity
   2. 7.1.3.2 Biodiversity hotspots: world and India
   3. 7.1.3.3 India as a megadiverse country: biogeographic zones
   4. 7.1.3.4 Threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, invasive alien species and extinction
   5. 7.1.3.5 IUCN Red List: categories and criteria
   6. 7.1.3.6 Threatened mammals of India
   7. 7.1.3.7 Threatened birds of India
   8. 7.1.3.8 Reptiles, amphibians, fish and marine species in news
   9. 7.1.3.9 Threatened and endemic plants of India
   10. 7.1.3.10 Conservation: in situ and ex situ methods, gene banks and seed vaults
5. 7.1.4 Protected areas and wetlands 8 notes Practise
   1. 7.1.4.1 Protected area network: national parks, sanctuaries, conservation and community reserves
   2. 7.1.4.2 Biosphere reserves and UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere programme
   3. 7.1.4.3 Project Tiger, tiger reserves and the NTCA
   4. 7.1.4.4 Project Elephant and other species recovery programmes: rhino, crocodile, snow leopard, bustard and cheetah
   5. 7.1.4.5 Wetlands: types, functions and the Wetlands Rules 2017
   6. 7.1.4.6 Ramsar sites of India
   7. 7.1.4.7 Natural World Heritage sites and eco-sensitive zones
   8. 7.1.4.8 Human–wildlife conflict and community participation in conservation
6. 7.2 Pollution & waste management 2 chapters
7. 7.2.1 Pollution and control 10 notes Practise
   1. 7.2.1.1 Air pollution: pollutants, sources and health effects
   2. 7.2.1.2 Air quality management: NAAQS, AQI and the National Clean Air Programme
   3. 7.2.1.3 Smog, stubble burning, vehicular emissions and BS norms
   4. 7.2.1.4 Acid rain and indoor air pollution
   5. 7.2.1.5 Water pollution: sources, BOD, COD and eutrophication
   6. 7.2.1.6 Groundwater contamination: arsenic, fluoride, nitrate and uranium
   7. 7.2.1.7 River conservation: Namami Gange and the National River Conservation Plan
   8. 7.2.1.8 Soil pollution, pesticides and biomagnification
   9. 7.2.1.9 Noise pollution: standards and the Noise Rules 2000
   10. 7.2.1.10 Marine, thermal and radioactive pollution: oil spills, dead zones and microplastics
8. 7.2.2 Solid and hazardous waste management 7 notes Practise
   1. 7.2.2.1 Solid waste: types, collection and treatment by composting, incineration and landfill
   2. 7.2.2.2 Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
   3. 7.2.2.3 Plastic pollution and the Plastic Waste Management Rules: single-use plastic ban
   4. 7.2.2.4 E-waste: hazards and the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022
   5. 7.2.2.5 Biomedical, hazardous, battery and construction and demolition waste rules
   6. 7.2.2.6 Wastewater: sewage treatment, faecal sludge and reuse
   7. 7.2.2.7 Circular economy and extended producer responsibility
9. 7.3 Climate change, laws & institutions 4 chapters
10. 7.3.1 Climate change science 6 notes Practise
    1. 7.3.1.1 Greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases: sources and global warming potential
    2. 7.3.1.2 Global warming: evidence and IPCC assessment findings
    3. 7.3.1.3 Impacts of climate change on India: monsoon, glaciers, coasts and agriculture
    4. 7.3.1.4 Ozone layer depletion: ozone hole and ozone-depleting substances
    5. 7.3.1.5 Mitigation: carbon sequestration, carbon markets and India's Carbon Credit Trading Scheme
    6. 7.3.1.6 Adaptation, black carbon and geoengineering
11. 7.3.2 Climate and environmental treaties 12 notes Practise
    1. 7.3.2.1 Stockholm 1972 to Rio 1992: evolution of global environmental governance
    2. 7.3.2.2 UNFCCC: principles, CBDR and the COP process
    3. 7.3.2.3 Kyoto Protocol: targets and CDM, joint implementation and emissions trading
    4. 7.3.2.4 Paris Agreement: NDCs, Article 6 and India's updated NDC
    5. 7.3.2.5 Recent COPs: key outcomes from COP26 onwards
    6. 7.3.2.6 Climate finance and loss and damage: GCF, adaptation fund and REDD+
    7. 7.3.2.7 Convention on Biological Diversity: Cartagena, Nagoya and the Kunming–Montreal framework
    8. 7.3.2.8 CITES and wildlife trade
    9. 7.3.2.9 Ramsar, CMS and UNCCD
    10. 7.3.2.10 Montreal Protocol and the Kigali Amendment
    11. 7.3.2.11 Chemical conventions: Basel, Rotterdam, Stockholm and Minamata
    12. 7.3.2.12 Environmental organisations: UNEP, IPCC, GEF, IUCN, WWF and IPBES
12. 7.3.3 India's climate policy 2 notes Practise
    1. 7.3.3.1 NAPCC: the eight national missions
    2. 7.3.3.2 State action plans, Net Zero 2070, Mission LiFE and the Green Credit Programme
13. 7.3.4 Environment laws and institutions 11 notes Practise
    1. 7.3.4.1 Constitution and the courts: Articles 48A, 51A(g), 21 and landmark judgments
    2. 7.3.4.2 Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972 and its 2022 amendment
    3. 7.3.4.3 Forest (Conservation) Act 1980, its 2023 amendment and CAMPA
    4. 7.3.4.4 Forest Rights Act 2006
    5. 7.3.4.5 Environment (Protection) Act 1986
    6. 7.3.4.6 Water Act 1974 and Air Act 1981
    7. 7.3.4.7 Biological Diversity Act 2002 and its 2023 amendment
    8. 7.3.4.8 Environmental Impact Assessment: EIA Notification 2006 and the clearance process
    9. 7.3.4.9 Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 2019
    10. 7.3.4.10 National Green Tribunal
    11. 7.3.4.11 Environmental institutions: MoEFCC, CPCB, SPCBs, NBWL, WCCB and AWBI
14. 7.4 Sustainable development & green technology 3 chapters
15. 7.4.1 Sustainable development 3 notes Practise
    1. 7.4.1.1 Sustainable development: Brundtland concept and its pillars
    2. 7.4.1.2 Sustainable Development Goals: the 17 goals and India's SDG Index
    3. 7.4.1.3 Environmental movements in India: Chipko to Narmada Bachao
16. 7.4.2 Bioremediation and green technologies 5 notes Practise
    1. 7.4.2.1 Bioremediation: in situ and ex situ methods and phytoremediation
    2. 7.4.2.2 Biofuels: generations and the ethanol blending programme
    3. 7.4.2.3 Renewable energy and the environment: solar, wind and hydro trade-offs
    4. 7.4.2.4 Green hydrogen, electric mobility and clean transport
    5. 7.4.2.5 Green buildings and energy efficiency: GRIHA, LEED, ECBC and BEE star labelling
17. 7.4.3 Agriculture and environment 4 notes Practise
    1. 7.4.3.1 Chemical fertilisers and pesticides: environmental costs
    2. 7.4.3.2 Organic and natural farming in India
    3. 7.4.3.3 Sustainable agriculture: biofertilisers, biopesticides, IPM and climate-smart farming
    4. 7.4.3.4 Desertification and land degradation in India

Practise Disaster Management 23 free questions with answers

1. 8.1 Natural hazards and disaster management 9 notes Practise
   1. 8.1.1 Disaster management in India: DM Act 2005, NDMA, NDRF and the Sendai Framework
   2. 8.1.2 Earthquake and tsunami risk zones of India
   3. 8.1.3 Floods, droughts and heatwaves: prone areas and management
   4. 8.1.4 Cyclone risk: early warning and mitigation on India's coasts
   5. 8.1.5 Landslides, avalanches, cloudbursts and urban flooding
   6. 8.1.6 Vulnerability profile of India and Andhra Pradesh: multi-hazard exposure, coastline, drought-prone districts
   7. 8.1.7 Man-made disasters: industrial and chemical accidents (Bhopal 1984, Visakhapatnam LG Polymers 2020), fires, stampedes and nuclear/radiological risk
   8. 8.1.8 Disaster risk reduction: disaster management cycle, NDMP, early warning (IMD, INCOIS), NCRMP, NDRF/SDRF and APSDMA
   9. 8.1.9 Remote sensing and GIS in disaster assessment: NRSC, Bhuvan, NDEM, damage mapping and early warning uses
2. 8.2 Space programme: organisation, rockets and satellites 1 note Practise
   1. 8.2.1 Satellite applications: communication, weather, navigation (NavIC, GAGAN) and remote sensing
3. 8.3 Technology in planning 2 notes Practise
   1. 8.3.1 GIS: raster and vector data models, georeferencing and spatial analysis
   2. 8.3.2 Remote sensing: platforms, sensors, resolution and Indian satellites (NRSC)

Practise Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability 30 free questions with answers

1. 9.1 Number system and simplification 14 notes Practise
   1. 9.1.1 Number types and divisibility rules
   2. 9.1.2 Remainders, unit digits and factors
   3. 9.1.3 HCF and LCM: methods and word problems
   4. 9.1.4 Simplification and approximation: BODMAS, surds, indices and roots
   5. 9.1.5 Number puzzles: digits, sums and differences
   6. 9.1.6 Decimal fractions and recurring decimals: conversion and comparison
   7. 9.1.7 Squares, square roots, cubes and cube roots: fast methods and estimation
   8. 9.1.8 Surds and indices: laws, rationalising and comparing surds
   9. 9.1.9 Factorials: trailing zeros and the highest power of a prime in n!
   10. 9.1.10 Counting factors: number and sum of factors, perfect squares and co-primes
   11. 9.1.11 Remainder theorems: cyclicity, Fermat, Wilson and negative remainders
   12. 9.1.12 Problems on numbers: turning word statements into equations
   13. 9.1.13 Speed maths: multiplication, squaring and percentage shortcuts
   14. 9.1.14 Place value, Roman numerals and counting digits in a range
2. 9.2 Algebra: equations, identities and progressions 6 notes Practise
   1. 9.2.1 Linear equations in one and two variables: word problems
   2. 9.2.2 Quadratic equations: roots, nature of roots and comparing two quantities
   3. 9.2.3 Algebraic identities and factorisation for fast simplification
   4. 9.2.4 Logarithms: laws, change of base and simplification
   5. 9.2.5 Arithmetic and geometric progressions: nth term and sums
   6. 9.2.6 Inequalities and modulus: solving and comparing expressions
3. 9.3 Percentages and commercial arithmetic 13 notes Practise
   1. 9.3.1 Percentages: fraction equivalents and successive change
   2. 9.3.2 Profit and loss: cost price, selling price and profit per cent
   3. 9.3.3 Marked price, discounts and the dishonest dealer
   4. 9.3.4 Simple interest
   5. 9.3.5 Compound interest and the CI–SI difference
   6. 9.3.6 Percentage applications: population, depreciation, elections and exam marks
   7. 9.3.7 Price, consumption and expenditure; income and savings
   8. 9.3.8 Successive discounts, offers and comparing deals
   9. 9.3.9 Instalments: equal payments under simple and compound interest
   10. 9.3.10 Compound interest: half-yearly and quarterly compounding, varying rates and growth
   11. 9.3.11 True discount and banker's discount
   12. 9.3.12 Stocks and shares: face value, market value, dividend and yield
   13. 9.3.13 GST, commission and brokerage in everyday arithmetic
4. 9.4 Ratio, ages, averages and mixtures 10 notes Practise
   1. 9.4.1 Ratio and proportion
   2. 9.4.2 Partnership: sharing profit by capital and time
   3. 9.4.3 Problems on ages
   4. 9.4.4 Averages: replacement, inclusion and exclusion
   5. 9.4.5 Mixtures and alligation
   6. 9.4.6 Variation: direct, inverse and joint; mean and third proportional
   7. 9.4.7 Chain rule: men, days, hours and work in proportion
   8. 9.4.8 Repeated replacement in mixtures
   9. 9.4.9 Weighted averages and averages of consecutive numbers
   10. 9.4.10 Ratio word problems: coins, notes, salaries and distribution
5. 9.5 Time, work, speed and distance 9 notes Practise
   1. 9.5.1 Time and work: LCM method, efficiency and wages
   2. 9.5.2 Pipes and cisterns
   3. 9.5.3 Speed, distance and time: average speed and relative speed
   4. 9.5.4 Problems on trains
   5. 9.5.5 Boats and streams
   6. 9.5.6 Time and work: alternate days, leaving and joining, and men–women–boys equivalence
   7. 9.5.7 Races and games of skill: start, beat, dead heat and points
   8. 9.5.8 Circular tracks: meeting points and first meeting at the start
   9. 9.5.9 Speed problems: late and early arrival, stoppages and chases
6. 9.6 Series, analogies and classification 7 notes Practise
   1. 9.6.1 Number series: patterns, missing and wrong terms
   2. 9.6.2 Letter and alphanumeric series
   3. 9.6.3 Analogies: number, letter and word
   4. 9.6.4 Classification: odd one out
   5. 9.6.5 Missing numbers in figures and matrices
   6. 9.6.6 Letter repetition series and alphabet position tricks
   7. 9.6.7 Word formation, dictionary order and meaningful-word arrangement
7. 9.7 Coding–decoding 5 notes Practise
   1. 9.7.1 Letter coding: shifting, reversal and position values
   2. 9.7.2 Number, substitution and sentence (word-to-code) coding
   3. 9.7.3 Symbol and mathematical-operation coding
   4. 9.7.4 Input–output (machine) coding
   5. 9.7.5 Matrix and grid codes: row–column letter codes
8. 9.8 Blood relations and direction sense 5 notes Practise
   1. 9.8.1 Blood relations: direct statements and family trees
   2. 9.8.2 Coded blood relations and family puzzles
   3. 9.8.3 Direction sense: turns and final direction
   4. 9.8.4 Distance and displacement: shortest distance and shadow problems
   5. 9.8.5 Mixed puzzles: blood relations with direction, seating or profession clues
9. 9.9 Ranking, seating and puzzles 8 notes Practise
   1. 9.9.1 Ranking and order: positions from both ends and interchange
   2. 9.9.2 Linear seating arrangement
   3. 9.9.3 Circular and square seating arrangement
   4. 9.9.4 Puzzles: floor, box, day and comparison puzzles
   5. 9.9.5 Caselets: selection under constraints
   6. 9.9.6 Multi-attribute grid puzzles: the elimination table method
   7. 9.9.7 Parallel rows: facing each other, gaps and unknown numbers of people
   8. 9.9.8 Scheduling puzzles: days, months, years and lectures
10. 9.10 Syllogism and verbal reasoning 12 notes Practise
    1. 9.10.1 Syllogism: Venn method, possibility and either–or
    2. 9.10.2 Venn diagrams: relationships between classes
    3. 9.10.3 Statement and assumption
    4. 9.10.4 Statement and conclusion, inference and course of action
    5. 9.10.5 Strength of arguments and cause–effect
    6. 9.10.6 Logical connectives: if–then, only if, unless, necessary and sufficient conditions
    7. 9.10.7 Truth-tellers and liars
    8. 9.10.8 Inequalities: direct and coded (≥, >, either–or)
    9. 9.10.9 Critical reasoning: strengthen, weaken and assumptions in a passage
    10. 9.10.10 Inference from passages: definitely true, probably true, false
    11. 9.10.11 Decision making and problem solving: rule-based and situation questions
    12. 9.10.12 Logical sequence of words and order of events
11. 9.11 Calendar and clock 2 notes Practise
    1. 9.11.1 Calendar: odd days, day of the week, repeating years and leap-year traps
    2. 9.11.2 Clock: angles, coinciding hands, mirror times and faulty clocks
12. 9.12 Non-verbal reasoning 7 notes Practise
    1. 9.12.1 Mirror and water images
    2. 9.12.2 Paper folding and cutting
    3. 9.12.3 Counting figures: triangles, squares and lines
    4. 9.12.4 Embedded figures, figure completion and figure series
    5. 9.12.5 Dice: opposite faces and nets
    6. 9.12.6 Cubes: painting, cutting and counting
    7. 9.12.7 Figural analogy and classification
13. 9.13 Logic puzzles and problem solving 5 notes Practise
    1. 9.13.1 Cryptarithms: letter-to-digit sums and products
    2. 9.13.2 Weighing, balances and counterfeit-coin puzzles
    3. 9.13.3 River crossing, water jugs and sequencing puzzles
    4. 9.13.4 Magic squares, number grids and grid logic
    5. 9.13.5 Tournaments, games and strategy: knock-out, round robin and last-move wins

Practise Data Analysis 27 free questions with answers

1. 10.1 Basic statistics and growth rates 3 notes Practise
   1. 10.1.1 Mean, median and mode: raw and grouped data
   2. 10.1.2 Range, variance and standard deviation
   3. 10.1.3 Growth rates: percentage change, CAGR and index numbers
2. 10.2 Data interpretation and sufficiency 7 notes Practise
   1. 10.2.1 Data interpretation: tables and bar graphs
   2. 10.2.2 Data interpretation: pie charts
   3. 10.2.3 Data interpretation: line graphs and mixed charts
   4. 10.2.4 Data sufficiency: arithmetic and reasoning
   5. 10.2.5 Caselet data interpretation: turning a paragraph into a table
   6. 10.2.6 Data interpretation shortcuts: approximation, percentage change and ratios
   7. 10.2.7 Missing-data tables and Venn-based data interpretation

Practise Social Work: Definition, Scope, Values and Practice in India 43 free questions with answers

1. 1.1 Foundations of social work 2 notes Practise
   1. 1.1.1 Social work: definitions, history, scope and the profession in India
   2. 1.1.2 Principles, values and code of ethics of social work
2. 1.2 Methods of social work 2 notes Practise
   1. 1.2.1 Primary methods: social case work, social group work and community organisation
   2. 1.2.2 Secondary methods: social work research, welfare administration and social action
3. 1.3 Social welfare and practice in India 2 notes Practise
   1. 1.3.1 Social welfare, social policy and voluntary action
   2. 1.3.2 Fields of social work practice in India: child welfare, social development, Panchayati Raj and social legislation

Practise Criminology, Deviance and Crime 37 free questions with answers

1. 2.1 Criminology, deviance and crime 5 notes Practise
   1. 2.1.1 Criminology: meaning, scope, history and schools
   2. 2.1.2 Crime: definitions, elements, classification and principles of criminal liability
   3. 2.1.3 Biological and psychological theories of crime
   4. 2.1.4 Sociological theories of crime: anomie, differential association, subculture, labelling and control
   5. 2.1.5 Deviance, social control, drug abuse and crime prevention

Practise Forms of Crime, Crime in India, Punishment and Prisons 92 free questions with answers

1. 3.1 Crime in India 3 notes Practise
   1. 3.1.1 White-collar crime, economic offences and corruption
   2. 3.1.2 Organised crime, terrorism and cyber crime
   3. 3.1.3 Crime in India: NCRB patterns and trends, crimes against women and children, victimology and compensation
2. 3.2 Punishment and prisons 4 notes Practise
   1. 3.2.1 Punishment: definition, nature and theories
   2. 3.2.2 Corporal and capital punishment, sentencing and pardon
   3. 3.2.3 Prisons in India: Prisons Act 1894, Model Prison Manual 2016, Model Prisons Act 2023 and the prison as a community
   4. 3.2.4 Prison programmes and reforms: committees, prisoners' rights and international standards

Practise Open Prisons and Juvenile Correctional Institutions 46 free questions with answers

1. 4.1 Juvenile and correctional institutions 4 notes Practise
   1. 4.1.1 Juvenile Justice Act 2015 at section level: definitions, Boards, Committees and procedure
   2. 4.1.2 Child care institutions under the JJ Act: observation, special and children's homes, place of safety, open shelter, fit facility
   3. 4.1.3 Open prisons, Borstal schools, certified and reformatory schools, remand homes
   4. 4.1.4 Child protection system: POCSO, NCPCR, ICPS and Mission Vatsalya

Practise Criminal Justice System, Probation and Parole 79 free questions with answers

1. 5.1 Criminal justice system 2 notes Practise
   1. 5.1.1 Criminal justice system: components, Packer's models, police, courts and correctional administration
   2. 5.1.2 Criminal procedure under BNSS and BSA, rights of the accused and legal aid
2. 5.2 Probation and parole 4 notes Practise
   1. 5.2.1 Probation: origin, concept and development in India
   2. 5.2.2 Probation of Offenders Act 1958 and CrPC 360/361 (BNSS 401/402)
   3. 5.2.3 Role of the probation officer: pre-sentence report, supervision and the juvenile setting
   4. 5.2.4 Parole, furlough, remission and premature release

Practise Introduction to Psychology 20 free questions with answers

1. 1.1 Introduction to psychology 1 note Practise
   1. 1.1.1 Psychology: nature, history, schools, branches and social problems
2. 1.2 Branches and fields of psychology; psychology and social problems Practise

Practise Methods in Psychology 23 free questions with answers

1. 2.1 Methods in psychology 2 notes Practise
   1. 2.1.1 Scientific method, variables, hypotheses and sampling
   2. 2.1.2 Observation, survey, case study, experiment and qualitative methods
2. 2.2 Experimental, correlational and qualitative vs quantitative methods Practise

Practise Quantitative Analysis and Psychological Measurement 25 free questions with answers

1. 3.1 Quantitative analysis and psychological measurement 1 note Practise
   1. 3.1.1 Measurement in psychology: levels of measurement, statistical concepts, reliability, validity and norms
2. 3.2 Levels (scales) of measurement Practise
3. 3.3 Test construction, reliability, validity and norms Practise

Practise Physiological Psychology 16 free questions with answers

1. 4.1 Physiological psychology 2 notes Practise
   1. 4.1.1 Neuron, synapse, neurotransmitters and the nervous system
   2. 4.1.2 The brain, hemispheric specialisation and the endocrine system

Practise Development of Human Behaviour 22 free questions with answers

1. 5.1 Development of human behaviour 1 note Practise
   1. 5.1.1 Life-span development: heredity, environment, stages, attachment and developmental tasks
2. 5.2 Theories of development: Piaget, Vygotsky, Kohlberg, Erikson and attachment Practise

Practise Perception 14 free questions with answers

1. 6.1 Perception 2 notes Practise
   1. 6.1.1 Sensation, attention and perceptual processing
   2. 6.1.2 Perceptual organisation, constancy, depth, colour and influences on perception

Practise Learning 12 free questions with answers

1. 7.1 Learning 1 note Practise
   1. 7.1.1 Learning: conditioning, observational learning and transfer (exam summary)
2. 7.2 Transfer of training; learning and motivation Practise

Practise Memory 22 free questions with answers

1. 8.1 Memory 2 notes Practise
   1. 8.1.1 Memory: processes, physiological basis, stores and types
   2. 8.1.2 Measuring memory, forgetting and mnemonics

Practise Cognition and Language 16 free questions with answers

1. 9.1 Cognition and language 2 notes Practise
   1. 9.1.1 Concepts, thinking, reasoning and language
   2. 9.1.2 Problem solving, decision making and creativity

Practise Intelligence and Aptitude 24 free questions with answers

1. 10.1 Intelligence and aptitude 2 notes Practise
   1. 10.1.1 Theories of intelligence, emotional and artificial intelligence
   2. 10.1.2 Measuring intelligence and aptitude; giftedness and intellectual disability
2. 10.2 Giftedness and intellectual disability Practise

Practise Motivation and Emotion 21 free questions with answers

1. 11.1 Motivation and emotion 2 notes Practise
   1. 11.1.1 Motivation: instincts, needs, drives, motives and theories
   2. 11.1.2 Emotion: physiology and theories

Practise Personality 22 free questions with answers

1. 12.1 Personality 2 notes Practise
   1. 12.1.1 Approaches to personality: type, trait, eclectic, psychodynamic and humanistic
   2. 12.1.2 Assessment of personality

Practise Adjustment and Stress 18 free questions with answers

1. 13.1 Adjustment and stress 2 notes Practise
   1. 13.1.1 Adjustment, frustration, conflict and sources of stress
   2. 13.1.2 Stress reactions, coping and stress management

Practise Social Behaviour 18 free questions with answers

1. 14.1 Social behaviour 2 notes Practise
   1. 14.1.1 Attitudes and attitude scales
   2. 14.1.2 Social cognition, person perception, stereotypes and prejudice

Practise Application of Psychology 20 free questions with answers

1. 15.1 Application of psychology 2 notes Practise
   1. 15.1.1 Psychology for health: yoga, meditation and relaxation
   2. 15.1.2 Psychology in education, groups, industry and the environment
2. 15.2 Groups, industry, environment and information technology Practise